Ikhibhodi yesiArabhu

Imbali yolwimi lwesiArabhu: Ukusuka kwiMvelaphi ukuya kwimpembelelo yehlabathi

Ixesha lokufunda: 6 imiz • Imbali kunye neeLinguistics

Ulwimi lwemibongo, umoya, isayensi kunye nediplomacy, isiArabhu sithethwa namhlanje ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-400 kwihlabathi jikelele. Ulwimi olusemthethweni lwamazwe angama-22 nolunye lweelwimi ezintandathu ezisemthethweni zeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN), lunembali etyebileyo nentsonkothileyo. Kodwa olu lwimi lwazalwa njani, yaye lwaguqukela njani ekubeni luyiloo nto luyiyo namhlanje? Ukuntywila kwiimbali yolwimi lwesiArabhu.

1. Iingcambu: Usapho lweeLwimi zamaSemite

IsiArabhu siyinxalenye enkuluIntsapho yolwimi lwase-Afroasiatic, kwaye ngokukodwa kwi-iilwimi zeSemiticsebe. Ngaloo ndlela yabelana ngezinyanya eziqhelekileyo nesiHebhere, isiAramiki, isiFenike, nesiAkkadian (ulwimi lwaseMesopotamiya yamandulo).

Eyona mikhondo midala yolwimi lwamaSemite yaqala emva kweminyaka emininzi ye-BC. IsiArabhu saphuhliswa kuSingasiqithi weArabia. Iingcali zeelwimi ngokubanzi zohlulahlula iilwimi zesiArabhu zamandulo zibe ngamaqela amabini: I-Old South Arabian (epigraphic South Arabian) kunye ne-Old North Arabian. Kuvela kokugqibela ukuba isiArabhu esisaziyo namhlanje siphuma.

2. IsiArabhu sangaphambi kobuSilamsi kunye neSiko leMibongo

Ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-7, uSingasiqithi weArabia wawumiwe zizizwe ezahlukeneyo zamaBedouin. Nangona kwakungekho lizwe liphakathi, umanyano oluluqilima lwenkcubeko lwalukho ngolwimi, luxhaswa sisithethe esikhulu somlomo. Ixesha langaphambi kobuSilamsi (elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiJahiliyyah) yayilixesha legolide lemibongo yamaBedouin.

I-Mu'allaqat (Ii-Odes eziNxinyiweyo)
                    These famous poetic odes were so highly esteemed that, according to legend, they were written in letters of gold and suspended from the walls of the Kaaba in Mecca. These poems bear witness to an already extremely rich language, endowed with a vast vocabulary and complex grammar.
                

Ngelo xesha, oonobumba besi-Arabhu njengoko sisazi ukuba babesaqulunqiwe, bethatyathwe kwialfabhethi yesiNabataea (naso ethatyathwe kwisiAramiki). Imibhalo yokuqala ebhalwe kwialfabhethi yesi-Arabhu ibuyela kwi-4th kunye neye-5 yenkulungwane ye-AD.

3. Isityhilelo seKurani kunye nokuMiswa koLwimi

Inkulungwane yesi-7 yaphawula inguqulelo eqinisekileyokwimbali yolwimi lwesiArabhu. Ukutyhilwa kweQuran kuMprofeti uMuhammad kwanika ulwimi iwonga elingcwele. Umbhalo weQuranic watyhilwa ngolwimi lwesizwe samaQuraysh (isizwe saseMecca), esaba sisiseko seClassical Arabic(Al-Fusha).

Ukugcina umbhalo ongcwele kuyo nayiphi na inguqulelo ebusweni bokwanda ngokukhawuleza kobukumkani bamaSilamsi (kunye nokudityaniswa kwabantu abangathethi isiArabhu), abaphengululi kwafuneka badibanise ulwimi kwaye bamisele imithetho yegrama yesiArabhu:

Ukudalwa kwegrama: I-Grammarians, ngokukodwa e-Basra nase-Kufa (kwi-Iraq yanamhlanje), yamisela imithetho engqongqo kwi-8th inkulungwane. Umsebenzi weSibawayh usisiseko.
Ukongezwa kwamanqaku e-diacritical: Ukwahlula oonobumba ababelana ngemilo esisiseko efanayo (efana no ب, ت, ث), amachaphaza aye adityaniswa.
I-Vocalization: Amanqaku ezikhamiso ezimfutshane (Harakat) zaziswa ukuthintela naziphi na iimpazamo zokubiza amagama kumbhalo weQuran.

4. I-Islamic Golden Age kunye nefuthe lezeNzululwazi

Ukususela ngenkulungwane yesi-8 ukusa kweye-13, ebudeni bolawulo lwe-Umayyad ne-Abbasid, isiArabhu saba lulwimi oluxubeneyo lobukhosi, obabusuka eSpeyin ( Al-Andalus ) ukusa kwimida yaseIndiya. IsiArabhu sasingaselolwimi nje lonqulo; yaba lulwimi lolawulo, intanda-bulumko, yaye ngaphezu kwako konke, inzululwazi.

Kwaqaliswa iqela elikhulu lokuguqulela. Iincwadi zesiGrike (uAristotle, uPlato, uEuclid), isiPersi, nesiIndiya zaguqulelwa kwisiArabhu. Abaphengululi abathetha isiArabhu baye baphucula isigama sabo baza basebenzisa amagama amatsha ezonyango, ezezibalo nawenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngale nto, amagama amaninzi esiArabhu angena kwiilwimi zaseYurophu (ezifana nealgebra,zenith,swekile,cotton, kunye amanani wesiArabhu).

5. Ixesha langoku: Diglossia kunye neModern Standard Arabic

Namhlanje, ulwimi lwesiArabhu luphawulwa yimeko yolwimi ebizwa ngokuba yidiglossie, oku kuthetha ukuhlalisana kweerejista ezimbini zolwimi ezinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo:

IsiArabhu esiMgangatho sanamhlanje (MSA)

Oku kukuguquka ngokuthe ngqo kweClassical Arabic. Yatshintshwa ngenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 (ngexesha leNahda , i-Arab Renaissance) ukuze kufakwe isigama sale mihla. Lulwimi lokubhala, amaphephandaba, imfundo, uncwadi kunye neentetho ezisemthethweni. Iqondwa kulo lonke ilizwe lama-Arabhu.

Iilwimi zesiArabhu (Darija / Amiya)

Olu lulwimi oluthethwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ilizwe ngalinye, kunye nommandla ngamnye, unolwimi lwawo, oluphenjelelwa ziilwimi ezazikho ngaphambili (iBerber kuMntla Afrika, isiAramaic kwiLevant) okanye iilwimi zamakoloniyali (isiFrentshi, isiNgesi, iSpanish). Iilwimi zezizwana zaseMntla Afrika, eYiputa, eLevant naseGulf maxa wambi zisenokwahluka kakhulu esinye kwesinye.

Kucetyiswa iZixhobo zesiArabhu & Izibonelelo

Izixhobo eziyimfuneko ezikwi-intanethi zokuphucula ukuchwetheza kwakho kwesiArabhu, uguqulelo, kunye namava okufunda:

Ikhibhodi yesiArabhu ekwi-Intanethi – chwetheza oonobumba besiArabhu ngokulula ngekhibhodi yethu ekrelekrele enenyani.
Umguquli wesiArabhu kwi-Intanethi – guqulela amagama esiArabhu, izivakalisi, kunye nezicatshulwa ngoko nangoko.
Isiguquli sombhalo wesiArabhu – lungisa ukumila kweskripthi sesiArabhu kunye nesalathiso soyilo kunye nezixhobo zokuhlela.

Ukuqukumbela

IImbali yolwimi lwesi-Arabhuyenye yokuqina okungaqhelekanga kunye nokulungelelanisa okuqhubekayo. Ukususela kulwimi olupheleliselwe kwizizwe zasentlango yaseArabia, iye yakhula yaba yeyona nto iphambili kwimpucuko, ibumba imbali yoluntu. Namhlanje, siqhutywa luncwadi lwangoku, i-pan-Arab media, kunye nedijithali, isiArabhu siyaqhubeka nokubhala imbali yaso kunye neengcali zeelwimi ezinomdla kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ukuqala ukuchwetheza nokuziqhelanisa kwangoko, zama ikhibhodi yesiArabic yasimahla kwi-intanethi.