Ikhibhodi yesiArabhu

Ukuvela kokuBhala kwesiArabhu ukutyhubela iinkulungwane: ukusuka kwilitye ukuya kwiscreen

Ixesha lokufunda: 7 imiz • Imbali kunye nePaleography

Ialfabhethi yesiArabhu namhlanje iyeyesibini inkqubo yokubhala esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ehlabathini emva koonobumba besiLatini. Iphawuleka ngokuguquguquka kwayo, iigophe ezintle, kunye nendalo egobileyo, isasazeke ngaphaya kwemida ye-Arabia ukuze ikhuphele iilwimi ezahlukeneyo njengePersi, isiUrdu, okanye isiSwahili (ngokwembali). Nangona kunjalo, le script ayizange izalwe ex nihilo. I-evolution yokubhala isi-Arabhu kwiinkulungwaneyi-epic yegraphic ekhangayo, ephawulwe ngokuguqulwa okunzulu, ukudlula kwi-alfabhethi enqabileyo eqingqwe ematyeni ukuya kwi-calligraphic art engcwele, ngaphambi kokunqoba indalo yedijithali.

1. Imvelaphi ye-Pre-Islamic: I-Filiation yaseNabataean

Ukuqonda imvelaphi yokubhala kwesiArabhu, umntu kufuneka alandele umthi wosapho lwemibhalo yamaSemite. IsiArabhu lisebe elikude lealfabhethi yaseFenike, kodwa ukhokho wayo othe ngqo yialfabhethi yaseNabataean, yona ngokwayo evela kwisiAramaic.

AmaNabataea, abantu babarhwebi bama-Arabhu abaseka uBukumkani basePetra (kwiJordan yanamhlanje), basebenzisa uhlobo lombhalo wesiAramiki owathi, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane (phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-2 BC kunye nenkulungwane yesi-4 yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo), baqalisa ukuhlanganisa nokudibanisa oonobumba bayo. Yaba yile mfuno yesantya kwi-cursive yorhwebo eyabeka iziseko zenkqubo edibeneyo yesiArabhu.

Umbhalo waseNamara (328 AD) Discovered in Syria, the funerary inscription of King Imru' al-Qays is considered one of the most precious missing links. The text is written in a language that is undeniably archaeological Arabic, but carved in characters transitioning from late Nabataean to the primitive Arabic alphabet.

2. UGuquguquko lweNkulungwane yesi-7: IQuran kunye neMigangatho yoMzobo

De kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-7, umbhalo wesi-Arabhu (owayebizwa ngokuba yijazmumbhalo ngoko) wawunesiphene: wawungenawo amachaphaza okwahlula iiconsonants ezinemilo efanayo (umzekelo, umgca othe nkqo olula wawunokufundwa ngokuthi "b", "t", "th", "n", okanye "y"). Logama nje inkcubeko ihleli nje ngomlomo, oku akuzange kube yingxaki enkulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukutyhilwa kweQuran kunye nokwanda ngokukhawuleza kobukumkani bamaSilamsi kwafuna ukulungiswa ngokungqongqo kwesicatshulwa ukuze kuthintelwe uqhekeko kunye neempazamo zokubiza amagama ngabantu abasanda kuhlanganiswa abangathethi isiArabhu.

Intshayelelo yeeNqaku zeDiacritical (I'jam)

Ngethuba lolawulo lwe-Umayyad caliph u-Abd al-Malik (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-7), abaphengululiNasr ibn Asimkunye Yahya ibn Yamurbazisa inkqubo yamachaphaza amnyama (i-diacritics) ukuhlula iiconsonants kunye ne-graphic skeleton (irasm). I-glyph esisiseko yahlulwa ukwenza oonobumba abahlukileyo abafana ب (ba), ت (ta), kunye ث (tha).

Ukuveliswa kweVolisi yale mihla

Kungekudala emva koko, ngekhulu le-8, isazi seelwimi esidumileyo saseBasraAl-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidiithathe indawo yenkqubo yangaphambili yamachaphaza anemibala kunye neempawu ezimfutshane zezwi (Harakat) esisayisebenzisa namhlanje: Fatha (umgca ophezulu), iKasra (umgca weDamma) kunye neDammall loop), uzinzisa ngokusisigxina ukufundwa kolwimi lwesiArabhu.

3. I-Medieval Golden Age: I-Codification ye-Calligraphic Styles

Nje ukuba inkqubo yemizobo izinziswe, ubhalo lwesi-Arabhu lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili zokusebenza ezithe zavela ngokunxuseneyo kangangeenkulungwane: imibhalo yesikhumbuzo (ye-angular) kunye ne-chancery (cursive) scripts.

Ixesha lembali	Isimbo esiPhezulu	Iimpawu	Usetyenziso oluphambili
7th - 10th Century	Kufic	Ijometri, iqinile, i-angular, inkulu	Imibhalo yoyilo lwezakhiwo, iiQurans zakuqala kwisikhumba
Ngenkulungwane ye-10-12	Izitayile ezintandathu (Al-Aqlam Al-Sitta)	Ihlanganiswe ngu-Ibn Muqla, ngokusekelwe kumlinganiselo ongqongqo wepeni yengcongolo	Amaxwebhu olawulo, imibhalo yezenzululwazi
13th - 15th Century	Naskh & Thuluth	Ingqukuva, ilulwelo, yobuhle obubonakalayo obukhulu	Ukukopa okusemgangathweni kweencwadi (Naskh), izihloko kunye nezikhumbuzo (Thuluth)

Inkosi enkulu ye-Abbasid Arabic calligraphy Ibn Muqla (inkulungwane ye-10) idlale indima ephambili ngokuyila inkqubo yomlinganiselo esekwe kwi-rhombic marked by the dot. Ngombulelo kule ndlela yemathematika, i-calligraphy yesiArabhu yaba bubugcisa bokuchaneka ngokupheleleyo kwejometri, apho ubukhulu bonobumba ngamnye buxhomekeke kububanzi bencam yengcongolo.

4. Isebe leNgingqi: Ukusuka kwiMaghreb ukuya kwiMida yasePersi

Njengoko i-emphaya yayisasaza amagunya, kwavela iindlela ezizodwa zokubhala zengingqi, ezibonisa ubuni benkcubeko yamaphondo:

I-Khatt Al-Maghribi: Iphuhliswe eMntla Afrika naseAndalusia ( Al-Andalus ). Esi simbo siphawulwa ngemigca esezantsi engqukuva ngokunzulu, ii-arcs ezinkulu ezibaxiweyo, kunye nokuma okwahlukileyo kwamachaphaza e-diacritical (umzekelo, ifa kunye neqaf).
UThe Nastaliq:Wazalelwa ePersi ngenkulungwane ye-14, esi simbo sidibanisa iNaskhneTaliq. Imanzi kakhulu, i-oblique, kwaye inqunyanyisiwe, ithathwa njengesimbo sombongo sokugqwesa, esasetyenziswa ngokubanzi eIran nasePakistan.
I-Diwani: Iyilwe ngama-Ottomans ukulungiselela amaxwebhu enkundla yasebukhosini ayimfihlo. Ihonjiswe kakhulu kwaye intsonkothile, oonobumba bayo banxibelelene kangangokuba kwakuphantse kube nzima ukuyibumba.

5. Ucelomngeni lwangoku: Ukusuka kuShicilelo ukuya kwi-Unicode Revolution

Ukufika kokushicilela ngoonobumba abanokushenxiswa eYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-15 kwabangela ucelomngeni olukhulu kumbhalo wesiArabhu. Ngokungafaniyo noonobumba besiLatini, abalungelelaniswa ngokuzimeleyo njengeebhloko ezizimeleyo, oonobumba besiArabhu batshintsha imilo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yabo kwaye bathunge ngokuthe nkqo nangokuthe tye. Ukudubula oonobumba abakhokelayo abakwaziyo ukunika ubuhle bolwelo bombhalo-ngqangi wesiArabhu yayiliphupha lobugcisa.

Kwangexesha elide, ilizwe lama-Arabhu lalikuphepha ukushicilelwa, likhetha i-lithography (eyayivumela ukuvelisa umsebenzi ochanekileyo wombhali). Kwade kwayinkulungwane yama-20 apho oomatshini bokushicilela besi-Arabhu benza lula ukwenziwa lula koonobumba.

Namhlanje, ixesha ledijithali lizisombulule ngokupheleleyo le ngxaki ngokubonga kwiUnicodeinkqubo. Ukunikezelwa kwe-algorithms yee-smartphones zethu kunye neekhompyuter zihlalutya ukuchwetheza ngexesha lokwenyani ukudibanisa iileta ngoko nangoko, ukuvumela esi script sineminyaka eliwaka ukuba sichume kwiWebhu, kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo, kunye neeapps eziphathwayo ngaphandle kokuphulukana nesiseko saso.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (FAQ)

Kutheni umbhalo wesiArabhu ufundwa ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo?

Olu phawu lufunyanwa njengelifa kwimibhalo yamandulo yamaSemite (njengeFenike kunye nesiAramiki). Ngexesha apho imibhalo yayikrolwa ematyeni kusetyenziswa itshiseli kwisandla sasekhohlo kunye nehamile ngasekunene, ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo kwakuthintelwa ukugubungela isicatshulwa esasisandula ukubethelwa ngesando.

Yintoni i-"geometric Kufic" isitayile?

I-Geometric Kufic luhlobo loyilo loyilo apho oonobumba bazotywa kwiigridi ezisikweri ezingqongqo, ezifana nepixel okanye ubugcisa be-mosaic. Yayisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukuhombisa iiminarets kunye neefacade zezitena ukusuka eSamarkand ukuya e-Isfahan.

Ngaba indlela yokubhala yesiArabhu yale mihla iyaqhubeka nokuvela?

Ewe. Ukongeza ekudalweni rhoqo kweefonti ezintsha zokubonisa (uchwethezo lwedijithali), isiArabhu esithethwayo silungelelaniswa kwi-Intanethi nge-Arabizi (ukusetyenziswa koonobumba besiLatini kunye namanani ukubhala ulwimi lwesiyelelane, njengoko kucacisiwe i-Arabic voice transliping eqhubekayo kunye ne-adaptha yeplasitiki yelizwi) olu lwimi.

Kucetyiswa iZixhobo zesiArabhu & Izibonelelo

Izixhobo eziyimfuneko ezikwi-intanethi zokuphucula ukuchwetheza kwakho kwesiArabhu, uguqulelo, kunye namava okufunda:

Ikhibhodi yesiArabhu ekwi-Intanethi – chwetheza oonobumba besiArabhu ngokulula ngekhibhodi yethu ekrelekrele enenyani.
Umguquli wesiArabhu kwi-Intanethi – guqulela amagama esiArabhu, izivakalisi, kunye nezicatshulwa ngoko nangoko.
Isiguquli sombhalo wesiArabhu – lungisa ukumila kweskripthi sesiArabhu kunye nesalathiso soyilo kunye nezixhobo zokuhlela.

Ukuqukumbela

Ievolution yokubhala isiArabhu ngeenkulungwaneibonisa amandla akhethekileyo okunyamezela kunye nokulungelelanisa. Izalwe kwi-austerity ye-lapidary desert imibhalo, eyenziwe ngeemfuno ezingcwele ze-theology, iphakanyiswe zizizukulwana ze-calligrapher ezinombono, iphumelele ukuqhubela phambili kwiinguqu ze-industrial kunye ne-computer yeteknoloji. Namhlanje, ikhowudi yeepikseli kwizikrini zethu ezichukumisayo, iskripthi sesiArabhu siyaqhubeka nokuthwala imbali, inkcubeko, kunye nekamva lamakhulu ezigidi zabantu abathetha iplanethi.

Ukuqala ukuchwetheza nokuziqhelanisa kwangoko, zama ikhibhodi yesiArabic yasimahla kwi-intanethi.