Ikhibhodi yesiArabhu
Imithetho yegrama yesiArabhu: Isikhokelo esipheleleyo nesilula
Ulwimi lwesiArabhu ludume ngokuntsonkotha, kodwa eneneni lolona lwimi lunengqiqo nezibalo ehlabathini. Imithetho yegrama yesiArabhu (ebizwa ngokuba yiAl-Qawa'id) isekelwe kwinkqubo yokuchaneka okuphawulekayo. Nje ukuba uziqonde ezona ndlela ziphambili, ubambe isitshixo sokuchaza nasiphi na isicatshulwa sakudala, ukusuka kwiQuran ukuya kuncwadi lwangoku.
Igrama yesiArabhu ihlukaniswe ngokwesiko kwiisayensi ezimbini eziphambili:Nahw (i-syntax, oko kukuthi, umsebenzi wamagama kwisivakalisi kunye neziphelo zabo) kunye Sarf(i-morphology, oko kukuthi, isakhiwo sangaphakathi samagama). Esi sikhokelo sibonisa imigaqo esisiseko ekufuneka uyazi ukuze uqalise kakuhle.
1. Iindidi ezintathu zamagama (Aqsam Al-Kalima)
Ngokungafaniyo nesiNgesi esahlula izibizo, izichazi, izenzi, izihlomelo, izihlanganisi, njl. njl., isiArabhu senza lula ukuhlelwa. Igama ngalinye (Kalima) kulwimi lwesi-Arabhu kufuneka libe kolunye lwezi zintlu zintathu :
- Isibizo (Ism - اسم): Iquka into esiyibiza ngezibizo zesiNgesi (indoda, indlu), izichazi (umde, mhle), izimelabizo (yena, mna), kunye nezihlomelo zexesha/indawo (namhlanje, phambi kwe). Isibizo kwisiArabhu sinokuthatha i-definite article "Al" (ال) okanye "Tanwin" (isikhamiso esiphindwe kabini ekugqibeleni).
- Isenzi (Fi'l - فعل): Sichaza isenzo esiqhagamshelwe kwixesha (elidlulileyo, elangoku/elizayo, okanye elifunekayo). Umzekelo: Kataba (كَتَبَ - wabhala).
- Inxalenye ( Harf - حرف): La ngamagama amancinci angaguquguqukiyo anentsingiselo epheleleyo kuphela xa edibene nesibizo okanye isenzi (izalathandawo, izihlanganisi, amasuntswana ombuzo). Umzekelo: Fi (فِي - ngaphakathi).
2. Ukwakhiwa kwezivakalisi (Al-Jumla)
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zezivakalisi kwisiArabhu, ezichazwa luhlobo lwegama eziqala ngalo:
A. Isivakalisi segama (Al-Jumla Al-Ismiyya)
Esi sisivakalisi esiqala ngeNoun. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulunqwe ziintsika ezimbini ezisisiseko:
- IMubtada' (isihloko / umxholo oxoxwa ngawo).
- IKhabar (ulwazi olunikwe malunga nalo mbandela).
Umzekelo: الرَّجُلُ طَوِيلٌ (Ar-rajulu tawilun) = Indoda (i) yinde. Qaphela ukuba isenzi "ukuba" kwixesha langoku asichazwanga ngesiArabhu!
B. Isivakalisi somlomo (Al-Jumla Al-Fi'liyya)
Esi sisivakalisi esiqala ngesenzi. Ulandelelwano lwamagama lwamandulo ngesiArabhu lwahluke kakhulu kwisiNgesi (Isihloko-sesenzi-Into). NgesiArabhu, umyalelo nguVerb + Subject + Object (VSO).
- Fi'l: Isenzi.
- Ayiphumelelanga: Umxholo (lowo wenza isenzo).
- Maf'ul bihi: Into ethe ngqo (lowo wenza isenzo).
Umzekelo: أَكَلَ الوَلَدُ تُفَّاحَةً (Akala al-waladu tuffahatan) = Inkwenkwe itye iapile.
3. Intliziyo yegrama: Declensions (Al-I'rab)
Lo ngowona mgaqo ubalulekileyo nodumileyo wegrama yesiArabhu. UI’rab kukutshintsha kwesikhamiso sokugqibela segama ngokuxhomekeke kwindima yalo yegrama kwisivakalisi. Kungumbulelo kwesi sikhamiso sokugqibela ukuba siyazi ukuba ngubani umbandela kwaye ngubani into, nokuba ulandelelwano lwamagama lujikisiwe.
| Imeko yegrama | Umsebenzi (umzekelo) | Isikhamiso sokugqibela (Umqondiso) | Umzekelo obambekayo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Umtyunjwa (Marfu') | Isihloko (Fa'il), iMubtada' | UDamma ( ُ ) / "u" isandi | Al-waladu (الولدُ) - Inkwenkwe (isifundo) |
| Ukutyhola (Mansub) | Into ethe ngqo (Maf'ul bihi) | UFatha ( َ ) / "a" isandi | Al-walada (الولدَ) - Inkwenkwe (into) |
| I-Genitive (Majrur) | Emva kwepreposition, okanye ubunini | Kasra ( ِ ) / "i" isandi | Al-waladi (الولدِ) - Ye/kwinkwenkwe |
4. Inkqubo ye-morphological (Ingcambu kunye nePateni)
Ukutyebisa isigama salo, ulwimi lwesiArabhu luxhomekeke kwinkqubo ehlakaniphile:iingcambu ze-triliteral(oonobumba abathathu). Phantse onke amagama esiArabhu asuka kwingcambu yoonobumba abathathu abaphethe ingcamango jikelele.
Ngokufaka aba nobumba bathathu "kwimold" (patterns) ezahlukeneyo, sifumana inkitha yamagama kusapho olunye lwesemantic (aba nobumba baphuma kwialfabhethi yesiArabhu). Masithathe ingcambu K-T-B (ك ت ب), enombono wokubhala:
- UKaTaBa = Wabhala (isenzi).
- KaaTiB = Umbhali (umxholo wesenzo).
- maKTuB = Kubhaliwe, unobumba (into).
- maKTaB = Iofisi / idesksi (indawo yesenzo).
- KiTaaB = Incwadi.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (FAQ)
Yintoni eyona nto inzima kwigrama yesiArabhu?
Kwisithethi esingengomthonyama, owona mceli mngeni mkhulu kukulinganisa inkqubo yokuncipha (I'rab) ngomlomo. Inene, kulwimi oluthethwayo (dialectal, bona ukwahlukana kwedialectal kwisiArabhu), ezi ziphelo ziye zanyamalala, kodwa kunyanzelekile ukufunda nokuthetha isi-Arabhu esiMgangatho sanamhlanje ngokuchanekileyo.
Izenzi zihlanganiswa njani kwisiArabhu?
Ngokungafaniyo nesiNgesi esinamaxesha amaninzi, isiArabhu sinemiba emibini kuphela ephambili:egqibeleleyo ( Al-Madi ), kwisenzo esigqityiweyo ( esihlala siguqulelwa njengexesha elidlulileyo ), kunye engafezekanga ( Al-Mudari '), kwisenzo esiqhubekayo okanye kwixesha elizayo (esikhoyo / kwixesha elizayo).
Ngaba kukho imida kwimigaqo yegrama?
Ewe, njengakulo naluphi na ulwimi! Kukho, umzekelo, amagama alayo ukuthwala i-Kasra (isandi "i") kwimeko ye-genitive, ebizwa ngokuthi "Mamnu' min as-sarf" (diptotes). Nangona kunjalo, igrama yesiArabhu ihleli kwihlabathi jikelele ngakumbi ngokwezibalo kwaye yesiqhelo kunegrama yesiNgesi.
Kucetyiswa iZixhobo zesiArabhu & Izibonelelo
Izixhobo eziyimfuneko ezikwi-intanethi zokuphucula ukuchwetheza kwakho kwesiArabhu, uguqulelo, kunye namava okufunda:
- Ikhibhodi yesiArabhu ekwi-Intanethi – chwetheza oonobumba besiArabhu ngokulula ngekhibhodi yethu ekrelekrele enenyani.
- Umguquli wesiArabhu kwi-Intanethi – guqulela amagama esiArabhu, izivakalisi, kunye nezicatshulwa ngoko nangoko.
- Isiguquli sombhalo wesiArabhu – lungisa ukumila kweskripthi sesiArabhu kunye nesalathiso soyilo kunye nezixhobo zokuhlela.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukufundaimithetho yegrama yesiArabhuluhambo olunika umdla olufuna ukungqongqo kodwa lungqineke lunomvuzo ogqithisileyo. Nje ukuba unobuchule bokuchonga ezi ntlobo zintathu zamagama, ulandelelwano lwesivakalisi somlomo, kunye nokutshintshwa kwezikhamiso zokugqibela (I'rab), umnyango wemibongo yakudala, uncwadi, kunye neetekisi zenkolo ziya kuvuleleka kuwe. Isitshixo sempumelelo? Ziqhelanise nohlalutyo lwezivakalisi (I'rab) rhoqo kangangoko!
Ukuqala ukuchwetheza nokuziqhelanisa kwangoko, zama ikhibhodi yesiArabic yasimahla kwi-intanethi.