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Nhoroondo yeMutauro wechiArabic: Kubva Mavambo kuenda kuKufurira kwepasi rose

Nguva yekuverenga: 6 min • Nhoroondo & Linguistics

Mutauro wenhetembo, zvekunamata, sainzi, uye diplomacy, chiArabic chinotaurwa nhasi nevanhu vanopfuura mamirioni mazana mana pasi rese. Mutauro wepamutemo wenyika 22 uye mumwe wemitauro mitanhatu yepamutemo yeUnited Nations (UN), ine nhoroondo yakapfuma uye yakaoma kunzwisisa. Asi mutauro uyu wakaberekwa sei, uye wakashanduka sei kuva zvauri nhasi? Kunyura munhoroondo yemutauro wechiArabic.

1. Midzi: Mhuri yemutauro weSemitic

Arabic ndeyemhuri yakakura yemutauro weAfroasiatic, uye kunyanya kumitauro yeSemiticbazi. Nokudaro inogovera madzitateguru ose nechiHebheru, chiAramaiki, chiFenikiya, uye chiAkkad (mutauro weMesopotamia yekare).

Matanho echinyakare emutauro wechiSemitic akadzoka kumashure ezviuru zvemakore BC. ChiArabic chakagadzirwa muArabia Peninsula. Nyanzvi dzemitauro dzinowanzopatsanura mitauro yekare yechiArab mumapoka maviri: Old South Arabian (epigraphic South Arabian) uye Old North Arabian. Inobva kune yekupedzisira iyo chiArabic chatinoziva nhasi chinobva.

2. Pre-Islamic Arabic uye Nhetembo Tsika

Pamberi pezana ramakore rechinomwe, Peninsula yeArabia yaigarwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana eBedouin. Kunyange zvazvo pakanga pasina hurumende yepakati, kubatana kwakasimba kwetsika kwakavapo kuburikidza nemutauro, kunotsigirwa netsika huru yemuromo. Nguva yechiIslam isati yasvika (inowanzonzi Jahiliyyah) yakanga iri nguva yendarama yenhetembo dzeBedouin.

The Mu'allaqat (The Suspended Odes)
                    These famous poetic odes were so highly esteemed that, according to legend, they were written in letters of gold and suspended from the walls of the Kaaba in Mecca. These poems bear witness to an already extremely rich language, endowed with a vast vocabulary and complex grammar.
                

Panguva iyoyo, arufabheti yechiArab sezvatinoziva yakanga ichiri mukugadzirwa, kubva muarufabheti yeNabataea (yacho pachayo yakabva muchiAramaic). Magwaro ekutanga akanyorwa nearufabheti yechiArab anotanga kumakore 4th ne5th century AD.

3. Zvakazarurwa zveKorani uye Kumisikidzwa kweMutauro

Makore ekuma700 akachinja zvikuru munhoroondo yemutauro wechiArabic. Kuzarurwa kweKorani kuMuporofita Muhammad kwakapa mutauro uyu chinzvimbo chinoera. Runyoro rweQuranic rwakaratidzwa mumutauro werudzi rweQuraysh (rudzi rweMecca), iro rakava hwaro hweClassical Arabic (Al-Fusha).

Kuchengetedza chinyorwa chinoyera kubva pane chero shanduko pamberi pekuwedzera nekukurumidza kwehumambo hwechiIslam (uye kubatanidzwa kwevanhu vasingataure chiArabic), nyanzvi dzaifanira kubatanidza mutauro uye kudzika mitemo yegirama yechiArab:

Kusikwa kwegirama: Vagadziri vegirama, kunyanya muBasra neKufa (muIraq yanhasi), vakagadza mitemo yakasimba muzana ramakore rechisere. Basa reSibawayh rinonyanya kukosha.
Kuwedzerwa kwemavara ediacritical: Kusiyanisa mavara anogovera chimiro chakafanana chekutanga (senge ب, ت, ث), madotsi akawedzerwa.
Mazwi: Makomikira emavhawero mapfupi (Harakat) akaunzwa kudzivirira kukanganisa kwemazwi kwerugwaro rweKorani.

4. The Islamic Golden Age uye Scientific Kufurira

Kubva muzana ramakore rechisere kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechi 13, mukati mokutonga kweUmayyad neAbbasid, chiArab chakava mutauro wakawanda woumambo hwacho, uhwo hwaibva kuSpain (Al-Andalus) kusvikira kumiganhu yeIndia. ChiArabhu chakanga chisisiri mutauro worudzidziso; wakava mutauro wekutonga, uzivi, uye kupfuura zvose, sainzi.

Bato guru rekushandura rakatangwa. Mabhuku echiGiriki (Aristotle, Plato, Euclid), Persia, uye Indian akashandurirwa muchiArabic. Nyanzvi dzinotaura chiArabic dzakavandudza mashoko acho nemashoko matsva ezvokurapa, masvomhu, uye ezvenyeredzi. Kuburikidza neizvi, mazwi mazhinji echiArab akazopinda mumitauro yekuEurope (sealgebra, zenith, shuga, cotton, neNhamba dzechiArab).

5. Nguva Yemazuva Ano: Diglossia uye Modern Standard Arabic

Nhasi, mutauro wechiArabu unozivikanwa nemutauro unonzi diglossie, zvichireva kugarisana kwemarejista maviri emutauro ane mabasa akasiyana:

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)

Uku ndiko kushanduka kwakananga kweClassical Arabic. Yakagadziridzwa muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20 (munguva yeNahda, Renaissance yechiArab) kuti ibatanidze mashoko azvino uno. Ndiwo mutauro wekunyora, wenhau, dzidzo, mabhuku, uye hurukuro dzepamutemo. Inonzwisiswa munyika yose yeArabhu.

Madimikira echiArabic (Darija / Amiya)

Uyu ndiwo mutauro unotaurwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nyika imwe neimwe, uye kunyange dunhu rega rega, rine mutauro waro, unopesvedzerwa nemitauro yagara iripo (Berber kuNorth Africa, Aramaic muLevant) kana nemitauro yekoloni (French, Chirungu, Spanish). Madimikira oKuchamhembe kweAfrica, Egypt, Levant, uye Gulf dzimwe nguva anogona kunge akasiyana zvikuru.

Recommended Arabic Tools & Zvishandiso

Maturusi epamhepo akakosha ekunatsiridza kutaipa kwako kwechiArabic, kududzira, uye ruzivo rwekudzidza:

Kiyibhodhi yeArabic Pamhepo – nyora mabhii echiArab zviri nyore nekhibhodi yedu yakangwara.
Mushanduri wechiArabic Pamhepo – shandura mazwi echiArabic, mitsara, uye zvinyorwa ipapo ipapo.
Arabic Text Converter – gadzirisa maumbirwo emagwaro echiArabic uye kwaakananga pakugadzira nekugadzirisa maturusi.

Mhedziso

Nhoroondo yemutauro wechiArabia ndeyokusimba kunoshamisa uye kuenderera mberi kuchinjika. Kubva pamutauro wakaganhurirwa kumarudzi erenje reArabia, yakasimuka kuva mufambisi mukuru webudiriro, ichiumba nhau yomunhu. Nhasi, ichisundwa nemabhuku emazuva ano, pan-Arab media, uye dijitari sphere, chiArabic chinoenderera mberi nekunyora nhoroondo yacho uye inonakidza nyanzvi dzemitauro pasi rese.

Kuti utange kutaipa uye kudzidzira ipapo ipapo, edza yemahara Arabic keyboard online.