Arabic Keyboard
Iko Kushanduka kweArabic Kunyora Kupfuura Mazana Mazana: Kubva paDombo kuenda kuScreen
Arufabheti yechiArab nhasi ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kushandiswa pakunyora pasi rose mushure mearufabheti yechiLatin. Inoratidzwa nekunyorova kwayo, macurves anoyevedza, uye hunhu hwekutuka, yakapararira kure nemiganhu yeArabia Peninsula kuti inyore mitauro yakasiyana sePersian, Urdu, kana Swahili (munhoroondo). Asi, iyi script haina kuzvarwa ex nihilo. Kushanduka kwekunyora kwechiArab mumazana emakoreinonakidza mifananidzo epic, inoratidzirwa nekushanduka kwakadzama, ichipfuura kubva kune yakasarudzika alphabet yakavezwa padombo kuenda kune inoera calligraphic art, isati yakunda yedhijitari denga.
1. Pre-Islamic Origins: The Nabataean Filiation
Kuti unzwisise mavambo ekunyora kwechiArabic, munhu anofanira kuronda muti wemhuri wemanyoro echiSemite. ChiArabhu ibazi riri kure remavara echiFenikiya, asi tateguru waro wakananga ndiNabataean alphabet, iyo pachayo yakabva muchiAramaic.
VaNabataea, vanhu vevatengesi vechiArabu vakavamba Humambo hwePetra (muJorodhani yemazuva ano), vakashandisa chimiro chemavara echiAramaic, mumazana emakore (pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri BC nezana ramakore rechina AD), vakatanga kutenderedza nekubatanidza mavara ayo. Kwaive uku kudiwa kwekumhanya mukutengesa kutuka kwakaisa hwaro hweiyo yakabatana system yechiArab.
2. Shanduko yezana ramakore rechinomwe: Korani uye Graphic Standardization
Kutozosvikira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechinomwe, manyoro echiArab (aidanwa panguva iyoyo ejazm script) akanga asina kukwana: akanga asina madonhwe okusiyanisa makonzonendi ezvimiro zvakafanana (somuenzaniso, mutsetse wakatwasuka wakapfava waigona kuverengwa se“b”, "t", "th", "n", kana kuti "y"). Chero bedzi tsika yacho yakaramba ichingotaurwa nemuromo chete, izvi hazvina kuunza dambudziko guru. Zvakadaro, kuziviswa kweKorani uye kukurumidza kuwedzera kwehushe hwechiIslam kwaida kugadziridzwa kwakasimba kwechinyorwa kudzivirira manyepo nezvikanganiso zvemataurirwo nevachangobatanidzwa vasiri kutaura chiArabic.
Nhanganyaya yeDiacritical Points (I'jam)
Munguva yekutonga kweUmayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (pakupera kwezana remakore rechi7), nyanzvi Nasr ibn Asimuye Yahya ibn Yamurvakaunza hurongwa hwemavara matema (diacritics) kuti asiyanise makonzonendi ane girafu skeleton (therasm). Iyo glyph yekutanga yakabva yatsemuka kuita mavara akasiyana senge ب (ba), ت (ta), uye ث (tha).
The Invention of Modern Vocalization
Kwapera kanguva, muzana remakore rechisere, nyanzvi yemitauro yeBasra yakakurumbira Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidiakatsiva yaimbova hurongwa hwemavara ane mavara nemavara mapfupi ezwi (Harakat) yatichiri kushandisa nanhasi: Fatha (mutsetse wepamusoro), KasraDamma (Dammall), uye Kasra (Damma) loop), kudzikamisa zvachose kuverenga kwemutauro wechiArabic.
3. The Medieval Golden Age: The Codification of Calligraphic Styles
Kana iyo graphic system ichinge yadzikamiswa, kunyora kwechiArabic kwakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru ekushanda akashanduka akaenderana kwemazana emakore: zvinyorwa (angular) zvinyorwa uye chancery (cursive) zvinyorwa.
| Historical Period | Dominant Style | Hunhu | Main Kushandiswa |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7th - 10th Century | Kufic | Geometric, rigid, angular, majestic | Zvinyorwa zvekuvaka, maKorani ekutanga pamatehwe |
| 10th - 12th Century | Matanho Matanhatu (Al-Aqlam Al-Sitta) | Codified naIbn Muqla, zvichibva pane zvakaomesesa zviyero zvetsanga peni | Zvinyorwa zvekutonga, zvinyorwa zvesainzi |
| 13th - 15th Century | Naskh & Thuluth | Yakatenderedzwa, mvura, yekunaka kukuru kwekuona | Kutevedzera kwakajairika kwemabhuku (Naskh), mazita uye zviyeuchidzo (Thuluth) |
Mukuru weAbbasid Arabic calligraphy Ibn Muqla (10th century) akaita basa rinotungamira nekugadzira system of proportion based on the rhombic left by the rhombic dot. Nekuda kweiyi nzira yemasvomhu, Arabic calligraphy yakava hunyanzvi hwekunyatsoita geometric, uko saizi yebhii rega rega inotsamira padhayamita yetipi yetsanga.
4. Bazi Redunhu: Kubva kuMaghreb kusvika kumiganhu yePersia
Humambo pahunogadzwa, masitayipi ekunyora ematunhu akasiyana akabuda, achiratidza kuzivikanwa kwetsika dzematunhu:
- The Khatt Al-Maghribi: Yakagadzirwa muNorth Africa neAndalusia (Al-Andalus). Chitaera ichi chinoratidzwa nemitsara yakadzika yakatenderedzwa, mitsetse mikuru yakawedzeredzwa, uye nzvimbo yakasiyana yemadotsi (somuenzaniso, yefa neqaf).
- The Nastaliq:Akaberekerwa muPersia muzana remakore rechi14, chimiro ichi chinobatanidza NaskhneTaliq. Yakanyanya kunyorova, oblique, uye yakamiswa, inoonekwa seyedetembo par kugona, ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya muIran nePakistan.
- Iyo Diwani: Yakagadzirwa nemaOttoman kuitira magwaro epachivande edare. Yakashongedzwa zvakanyanya uye yakaoma kunzwisisa, mavara ayo akabatana zvekuti zvaive zvisingaite kuumba.
5. Dambudziko remazuva ano: Kubva Kudhinda kusvika kuUnicode Revolution
Kusvika kwemabhii anodhinda muEurope muzana remakore rechi15 kwakaomera manyorero echiArab dambudziko guru. Kusiyana nemabhii echiLatin, ayo anoenderana akazvimiririra sezvivharo zvinozvimiririra, mavara echiArab anochinja chimiro zvichienderana nenzvimbo yawo uye anorukana akamira uye akachinjika. Kukanda mavara emutobvu anokwanisa kupa runako rwemvura yegwaro rechiArabic raive dambudziko rehunyanzvi.
Kwenguva yakareba, nyika dzechiArab dzakaramba kudhindwa kwetaipa, dzichida kunyora zvinyorwa (izvo zvaibvumira kudhindisa basa chairo remunyori). Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi20 uye kurerutswa kwemataipi ndiko kwakaita kuti muchina wokudhinda wechiArab aenderane.
Nhasi, nguva yedhijitari yagadzirisa zvachose dambudziko iri nekuda kweUnicode system. Iyo yekupa maalgorithms emafoni edu nemakomputa anoongorora kutaipa munguva chaiyo kubatanidza mavara ipapo ipapo, zvichibvumira chinyorwa ichi chemakore chiuru kuti chibudirire paWebhu, masocial network, uye nharembozha pasina kurasikirwa nechinhu chayo chekutuka.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa (FAQ)
Nei manyorero echiArabic achiverengwa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe?
Hunhu uhu hwakagara nhaka kubva muzvinyorwa zvekare zveSemitic (seFenike neAramaic). Munguva iyo zvinyorwa zvaivezwa mudombo pachishandiswa chisel muruoko rworuboshwe nesando kurudyi, kufambira mberi kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe zvaidzivisa kuvhara zvinyorwa zvakanga zvichangobva kurohwa.
Chii chinonzi "geometric Kufic" chimiro?
Geometric Kufic imhando yekuvaka iyo mavara anodhirowewa pane akanyanya skweya gidhi, akafanana nepixel kana mosaic art. Yakashandiswa zvakanyanya kushongedza minarets uye zvidhinha facades kubva kuSamarkand kuenda kuIsfahan.
Ko kunyora kwechiArab chazvino uno kunoramba kuchishanduka here?
Ehe. Pamusoro pekugara kuri kugadzirwa kwemafonti matsva (digital typography), chiArabic chinotaurwa chinochinja paInternet kuburikidza neArabizi (kushandiswa kwemavara nenhamba dzechiLatin kunyora mutauro, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa muArabic transliping and adaptation plastic guide. mutauro uyu.
Recommended Arabic Tools & Zvishandiso
Maturusi epamhepo akakosha ekunatsiridza kutaipa kwako kwechiArabic, kududzira, uye ruzivo rwekudzidza:
- Kiyibhodhi yeArabic Pamhepo – nyora mabhii echiArab zviri nyore nekhibhodi yedu yakangwara.
- Mushanduri wechiArabic Pamhepo – shandura mazwi echiArabic, mitsara, uye zvinyorwa ipapo ipapo.
- Arabic Text Converter – gadzirisa maumbirwo emagwaro echiArabic uye kwaakananga pakugadzira nekugadzirisa maturusi.
Mhedziso
Ikoshanduko yekunyora kwechiArabic kuburikidza nemazana emakoreinoratidza kugona kwakasiyana kwekusimba uye kugadzirisa. Yakazvarwa kubva mukuomarara kwezvinyorwa zvemurenje, zvakaumbwa nezvitsvene zvinodikanwa zvebhaibheri, zvakakuriswa nezvizvarwa zvevaoni vecalligraphers, yakabudirira kufamba nemaindasitiri uye komputa tekinoroji. Nhasi, akaiswa mapixels pama touchscreens edu, manyorerwo echiArabic anoenderera mberi nekutakura nhoroondo, tsika, uye ramangwana remazana emamiriyoni evatauri pasi rese.
Kuti utange kutaipa uye kudzidzira ipapo ipapo, edza yemahara Arabic keyboard online.