Keyboard ʻAlapia

Moʻolelo o ka ʻōlelo ʻAlapia: Mai ke kumu a i ka mana honua

Ka manawa heluhelu: 6 min • Moʻolelo a me ka ʻōlelo

He ʻōlelo mele, ʻuhane, ʻepekema, a me ka diplomacy, ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Arabic i kēia lā e ʻoi aku ma mua o 400 miliona mau kānaka a puni ka honua. ʻO ka ʻōlelo kūhelu o 22 mau ʻāina a me kekahi o nā ʻōlelo kūhelu ʻeono o ka United Nations (UN), he moʻolelo waiwai a paʻakikī. Akā, pehea i hānau ʻia ai kēia ʻōlelo, a pehea i ulu ai i kēia lā? He luʻu i kamoʻolelo o ka ʻōlelo ʻAlapia.

1. Nā Aʻa: Ka ʻohana ʻōlelo Semitic

'O ka 'Arabia no ka nui 'ohana 'ōlelo Afroasiatic, a 'oi aku ke kiko'ī i ka lālā Semitic language. No laila, kaʻana like nā kūpuna me ka Hebera, Aramaic, Phoenician, a me Akkadia (ka ʻōlelo o Mesopotamia kahiko).

ʻO nā meheu kahiko loa o ka ʻōlelo Semitic i hala i mau millennia BC. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻAlapia ma ka Peninsula Arabian. Hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe Linguist i nā ʻōlelo ʻAlapia kahiko i ʻelua pūʻulu: Old South Arabian (epigraphic South Arabian) a me Old North Arabian. ʻO ia ka mea i loaʻa mai ka ʻōlelo Arab a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā.

2. ʻArabia Pre-Islamic and the Poetic Tradition

Ma mua o ke kenekulia 7, ua noho ʻia ka Peninsula Arabian e nā ʻohana Bedouin like ʻole. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe mokuʻāina kikowaena, ua loaʻa kahi lokahi moʻomeheu ikaika ma o ka ʻōlelo, i kākoʻo ʻia e kahi kuʻuna waha nui. ʻO ka wā ma mua o ka Islam (i kapa pinepine ʻia Jahiliyyah) ʻo ia ka makahiki gula o ka poetry Bedouin.

ʻO ka Muʻallaqat (The Suspended Odes)
                    These famous poetic odes were so highly esteemed that, according to legend, they were written in letters of gold and suspended from the walls of the Kaaba in Mecca. These poems bear witness to an already extremely rich language, endowed with a vast vocabulary and complex grammar.
                

I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pīʻāpā ʻArabia e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, e loaʻa ana mai ka pīʻāpā Nabataean (mai ka Aramaic). ʻO nā kikokikona mua i kākau ʻia ma ka pīʻāpā ʻArabia mai ka 4 a me 5 mau kenekulia AD.

3. ʻO ka Hōʻike Quranic a me ka Standardization o ka ʻōlelo

Ua hōʻailona ka 7th century i kahi huli hoʻoholo i kamoʻolelo o ka'ōlelo Arabic. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o ka Quran i ke Kāula Muhammad i hāʻawi i ka ʻōlelo i kahi kūlana kapu. Ua hōʻikeʻia ka'ōlelo Quranic ma ka dialect o kaʻohana Quraysh (kaʻohana o Mecca), i lilo i kumu oArabic Classic(Al-Fusha).

No ka mālama ʻana i ka kikokikona kapu mai kekahi hoʻololi ʻana i mua o ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana o ke aupuni Islam (a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka poʻe ʻōlelo ʻōlelo ʻAlapia ʻole), pono nā haumāna e hoʻoponopono i ka ʻōlelo a hoʻokumu i nā lula o ka grammar Arabic:

Ka hana ʻana i ka grammar: ʻO nā Grammarians, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Basra a me Kufa (i kēia manawa ʻo Iraq), ua hoʻokumu i nā kānāwai koʻikoʻi i ke kenekulia 8. ʻO ka hana a Sibawayh kahi kumu.
Ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kaha diacritical: No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā leka e like me ke ʻano kumu like (e like me ب, ت, ث), ua hoʻohui ʻia nā kiko.
Leo: Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā māka no nā leo leo pōkole (Harakat) i mea e pale ai i nā hewa ʻōlelo o ka kikokikona Quranic.

4. ʻO ka Islamic Golden Age a me ka mana ʻepekema

Mai ka 8 a hiki i ke kenekulia 13, i ka wā o Umayyad a me Abbasid caliphates, ua lilo ʻo ʻArabia i lingua franca o ke aupuni, e holo ana mai Sepania (Al-Andalus) a hiki i nā palena o India. ʻAʻole ʻo ʻAlapia ka ʻōlelo hoʻomana; ua lilo ia i ʻōlelo o ka hoʻokele, ka ʻepekema, a ma luna o nā mea a pau, ʻepekema.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi neʻe unuhi nui. Ua unuhi ʻia nā hana Helene (Aristotle, Plato, Euclid), Peresia, a me India i ka ʻōlelo ʻAlapia. Ua hoʻonui ka poʻe akamai ʻōlelo ʻAlapia i nā huaʻōlelo me nā huaʻōlelo lapaʻau hou, makemakika, a me nā huaʻōlelo hōkū. Ma o ia mea, nui nā huaʻōlelo ʻArabia i komo i nā ʻōlelo ʻEulopa (e like me algebra, zenith, sugar, cotton, a me Arabic numerals).

5. Ke Au Hou: Diglossia a me ka Arabic Standard Modern

I kēia lā, ʻike ʻia ka ʻōlelo Arab e kahi kūlana linguistic i kapa ʻia diglossieʻo ia hoʻi ka noho pū ʻana o nā papa inoa ʻelua o ka ʻōlelo me nā hana like ʻole.

ʻAlapia maʻamau o kēia wā (MSA)

ʻO kēia ka loli pololei o ka Classical Arabic. Ua hoʻololi ʻia i nā kenekulia 19 a me 20 (i ka wā Nahda, ka Arabic Renaissance) e hoʻohui i nā huaʻōlelo hou. ʻO ia ka ʻōlelo kākau, ka nūpepa, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka palapala, a me nā haʻiʻōlelo kūhelu. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ka honua Arab.

ʻŌlelo ʻAlapia (Darija / Amiya)

ʻO kēia ka ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāina, a ʻo kēlā me kēia māhele, kona ʻōlelo ponoʻī, i hoʻohuli ʻia e nā ʻōlelo mua (Berber ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau, Aramaic i ka Levant) a i ʻole nā ʻōlelo colonial (French, English, Spanish). ʻOkoʻa loa nā ʻōlelo ʻōlelo o ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ʻAigupita, ka Levant, a me ke Kaiwa i kekahi manawa.

Na Mea Hana Arab & Nā kumuwaiwai

Nā mea hana pono pūnaewele e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāu ʻano kikokiko ʻōlelo Arabic, unuhi, a me ka ʻike aʻo:

Alapia Keyboard Online – e paʻi maʻalahi i nā huaʻōlelo ʻAlapia me kā mākou papa keyboard virtual akamai.
Unuhi ʻAlapia ma ka pūnaewele – unuhi koke i nā huaʻōlelo ʻAlapia, nā ʻōlelo, a me nā kikokikona.
Ka mea hoʻololi kikokikona ʻAlapia – hoʻoponopono i ka hana ʻana a me ka kuhikuhi ʻana i ka palapala ʻōlelo Arabic no ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana.

Ka hopena

ʻO kamoʻolelo o ka ʻōlelo Arabicʻo ia kekahi o ke kūpaʻa kūʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻololi mau ʻana. Mai kahi ʻōlelo i paʻa i nā ʻohana o ka wao nahele ʻArabia, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea nui o ka moʻomeheu kanaka, e hana ana i ka mōʻaukala kanaka. I kēia lā, i alakaʻi ʻia e nā palapala hou, pan-Arab media, a me ka pōʻaiapili kikohoʻe, hoʻomau ka ʻōlelo Arab i kāna moʻolelo a me ka poʻe linguist hoihoi a puni ka honua.

No ka hoʻomaka ʻana e paʻi a hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke, e hoʻāʻo i kā mākou pāpā ʻōlelo Arabic manuahi ma ka pūnaewele.