Ikhibhodi yesi-Arabhu

Umlando Wolimi Lwama-Arabhu: Ukusuka Emsuka kuya Emthonyeni Womhlaba Wonke

Isikhathi sokufunda: 6 imiz • Umlando Nezilimi

Ulimi lwezinkondlo, ingokomoya, isayensi, kanye nezokuxhumana, isi-Arabhu sikhulunywa namuhla ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400 emhlabeni jikelele. Ulimi olusemthethweni lwamazwe angama-22 nolunye lwezilimi eziyisithupha ezisemthethweni zeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (UN), lunomlando ocebile noyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa lolu limi lwazalwa kanjani, futhi lwashintsha kanjani lwaba yilokho oluyikho namuhla? Ukungena emlandweni wolimi lwesi-Arabhu.

1. Izimpande: Umndeni Wolimi LwamaSemite

Isi-Arabhu siyingxenye enkulu yomndeni we-Afroasiatic Language, futhi ikakhulukazi egatsheni le-Semitic Languages. Ngakho ihlanganyela okhokho abavamile nesiHebheru, isi-Aramu, isiFenike, nesi-Akkad (ulimi lwaseMesopotamiya yasendulo).

Imibhalo emidala kakhulu yolimi lwamaSemite ihlehlela emuva ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zeminyaka BC. Isi-Arabhu sakhiwe eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia. Izazi zezilimi ngokuvamile zihlukanisa izilimi zasendulo zesi-Arabhu zibe ngamaqembu amabili: I-Old South Arabian (epigraphic South Arabian) kanye ne-Old North Arabian. Kusuka kokugcina lapho kutholakala khona isi-Arabhu esaziyo namuhla.

2. Isi-Arabhu sangaphambi kwe-Islamic kanye Nesiko Lenkondlo

Ngaphambi kwekhulu lesi-7, iNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia yayihlalwa izizwe ezihlukahlukene zamaBedouin. Nakuba sasingekho isimo esimaphakathi, ubunye obuqinile bamasiko babukhona ngolimi, obusekelwa isiko elikhulu lomlomo. Inkathi yangaphambi kobuSulumane (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi iJahiliyyah) kwakuyinkathi yegolide yezinkondlo zamaBedouin.

I-Mu'allaqat (The Suspended Odes)
                    These famous poetic odes were so highly esteemed that, according to legend, they were written in letters of gold and suspended from the walls of the Kaaba in Mecca. These poems bear witness to an already extremely rich language, endowed with a vast vocabulary and complex grammar.
                

Ngaleso sikhathi, izinhlamvu zamagama zesi-Arabhu njengoba sazi ukuthi zazisakhiwe, zisuselwa kuzinhlamvu zesiNabataean (nazo ngokwazo zithathwe kusi-Aramu). Imibhalo yokuqala ebhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesi-Arabhu ihlehlela emuva ku-4th and 5th century AD.

3. Isambulo se-Quranic kanye nokumiswa kolimi

Ikhulu lesi-7 laphawula inguquko ebalulekile emlandweni wolimi lwesi-Arabhu. Ukwambulwa kweQuran kuMprofethi uMuhammad kwanikeza ulimi isimo esingcwele. Umbhalo weQuranic wembulwa ngolimi lwesigodi lwesizwe samaQuraysh (isizwe saseMecca), esaba yisisekelo seClassical Arabic(Al-Fusha).

Ukuze kulondolozwe umbhalo ongcwele kunoma yikuphi ukuguqulwa lapho kubhekwa ukwanda okusheshayo kombuso wamaSulumane (kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwabantu abangakhulumi isi-Arabhu), izazi kwadingeka zihlanganise ulimi futhi zimise imithetho yohlelo lolimi lwesi-Arabhu:

Ukudalwa kohlelo lolimi: Izazi zohlelo lolimi, ikakhulukazi e-Basra nase-Kufa (e-Iraq yanamuhla), zasungula imithetho eqinile ngekhulu lesi-8. Umsebenzi weSibawayh uyisisekelo.
Ukwengezwa kwezimpawu zohlobo lwezinhlamvu: Ukuze uhlukanise izinhlamvu ezabelana ngesimo esifanayo esiyisisekelo (njengokuthi ب, ت, ث), amachashazi angeziwe.
I-Vocalization: Izimpawu zonkamisa abafushane (i-Harakat) zethulwa ukuze kunqandwe noma yimaphi amaphutha okuphimisa amagama ombhalo we-Quranic.

4. I-Islamic Golden Age kanye Nethonya Lesayensi

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwele-13, ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Umayyad ne-Abbasid, isi-Arabhu saba ulimi olusetshenziswayo lombuso, owawusuka eSpain (Al-Andalus) uye emingceleni yaseNdiya. Isi-Arabhu sasingaselona nje ulimi lwenkolo; kwaba ulimi lokuphatha, ifilosofi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, isayensi.

Kwasungulwa inhlangano enkulu yokuhumusha. Izincwadi zesiGreki (u-Aristotle, uPlato, u-Euclid), isiPheresiya, nesiNdiya zahunyushelwa olimini lwesi-Arabhu. Izazi ezikhuluma isi-Arabhu zathuthukisa ulwazi lwamagama ngamagama amasha ezokwelapha, ezibalo, nawezinkanyezi. Ngalokhu, amagama amaningi esi-Arabic kamuva angena ezilimini zase-Europe (njengealgebra, zenith, ushukela, cotton, kanye izinombolo zesi-Arabhu).

5. Inkathi Yesimanje: I-Diglossia ne-Modern Standard Arabic

Namuhla, ulimi lwesi-Arabhu lubonakala ngesimo solimi esibizwa ngokuthidiglossie, okusho ukuhlangana kwamarejista amabili olimi anemisebenzi ehlukene:

I-Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)

Lokhu ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqondile kwe-Classical Arabic. Yashintshwa ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20 (phakathi neNahda, i-Arab Renaissance) ukuze ihlanganise nesilulumagama sanamuhla. Iwulimi lokubhala, abezindaba, imfundo, izincwadi, nezinkulumo ezisemthethweni. Kuqondwa kuwo wonke umhlaba wama-Arab.

Izilimi zesi-Arabhu (Darija / Amiya)

Lolu wulimi olukhulunywa empilweni yansuku zonke. Izwe ngalinye, ngisho nesifunda ngasinye, linolimi lwaso lwesigodi, oluthonywa izilimi ezazikhona ngaphambili (i-Berber eNyakatho Afrika, isi-Aramaic kuLevant) noma izilimi zamakoloni (isiFulentshi, isiNgisi, iSpanishi). Izilimi zesigodi zaseNyakatho Afrika, eGibhithe, eLevant naseGulf ngezinye izikhathi zingase zihluke kakhulu kwezinye.

Amathuluzi E-Arabic Anconyiwe & Izinsiza

Amathuluzi aku-inthanethi abalulekile okuthuthukisa ukubhala kwakho isi-Arabhu, ukuhumusha, nokufunda:

Ikhibhodi yesi-Arabic Ku-inthanethi – thayipha izinhlamvu zesi-Arabic kalula ngekhibhodi yethu ebonakalayo ehlakaniphile.
Umhumushi wesi-Arabic Ku-inthanethi – humusha amagama esi-Arabhu, imisho, nemibhalo khona manjalo.
Isiguquli Sombhalo wesi-Arabhu – lungisa ukubunjwa kweskripthi sesi-Arabhu kanye nesiqondiso samathuluzi okuklama nokuhlela.

Isiphetho

Umlando wolimi lwesi-Arabhu ungomunye wokuqina okumangalisayo nokuvumelana nezimo okuqhubekayo. Kusukela olimini oluphelele ezizweni zasogwadule lwase-Arabia, yakhula yaba umthombo oyinhloko wempucuko, eyakha umlando wesintu. Namuhla, siqhutshwa izincwadi zesimanje, imidiya yama-pan-Arab, kanye ne-digital sphere, isi-Arabhu siyaqhubeka nokubhala umlando waso kanye nezazi zezilimi ezihehayo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuze uqale ukuthayipha nokuzilolonga ngokushesha, zama ikhibhodi yethu yamahhala yesi-Arabic ku-inthanethi.