Ikhibhodi yesi-Arabhu
Umehluko Wezilimi ngesi-Arabhu: Umhlahlandlela Wokuqonda Izinguquko Zesifunda
Ulimi lwesi-Arabhu luvame ukubonwa njengebhulokhi efanayo okwabelwana ngayo ngamakhulu ezigidi zezikhulumi. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso lezilimi emhlabeni lihluke kakhulu. Umehluko wezilimi udweba i-mosaic yamasiko ethakazelisayo lapho igama elisetshenziswe e-Casablanca lingase liqondwe kabi ngokuphelele e-Baghdad. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwakha ukunotha nobunkimbinkimbi besi-Arabhu esikhulunywa nsuku zonke.
Kubafundi, abahambi, noma ochwepheshe, ukuzulazula kulezi zinhlobonhlobo kungase kudide. Lo mhlahlandlela ophelele uchaza okwenzeka ku-diglossia futhi unikeze imininingwane ngamaqembu amakhulu ezilimi zesigodi zesi-Arabhu.
1. I-Phenomenon of Diglossia: Standard Arabic vs. Dialects
Ukuze uqonde umehluko wezilimi zesigodi, umuntu kufanele aqale abambe umqondo we-diglossia, omise umlando wolimi lwesi-Arabic. Umhlaba wama-Arab uphila ngaphansi kohlelo lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zolimi olufanayo zihlangana khona:
- I-Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) / Al-Fusha: Lolu ulimi olusemthethweni, lomhlaba wonke, nolubhalwayo. Isetshenziswa ezincwadini, emaphephandabeni, enkulumweni yezombangazwe, emfundweni nasezindabeni ze-TV. Wonke umuntu uyakuqonda ngenxa yemfundo yesikole, kodwa akekho okhuluma njengolimi lwakhe lwebele.
- I-Colloquial Arabic / Al-Amiya noma i-Darija: Lolu ulimi lwenhliziyo, ikhaya, umgwaqo, izingoma, nezingxoxo zansuku zonke. Ngokuvamile ayihlanganiswa ngokubhala futhi ihlukahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwesinye isifunda ukuya kwesinye.
2. Amaqembu Amane Ezilimi Ezinkulu Zomhlaba Wama-Arab
Nakuba izwe ngalinye linobuqili balo, izazi zezilimi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa isi-Arabhu esixoxayo sibe imindeni emine emikhulu yendawo:
I-Maghrebi (Darija)
Sikhulunywa eMorocco, e-Algeria, eTunisia naseLibya, ulimi lwesiMaghrebi luhlukaniswa nethonya elinamandla elivela eBerber (Tamazight), kanye nokubolekwa okukhulu kwesiFulentshi neSpanishi. Ifonetiki yayo ibonakala ngokuhlukaniswa okunamandla konkamisa abafushane, okuyenza isheshe futhi kube nzima ukuyiqonda kuma-Arabs aseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
UmGibhithe (Masri)
Ngenxa yethonya elingokomlando lesinema yaseGibhithe, umculo (Umm Kulthum), nochungechunge lwethelevishini, ulimi lwesigodi lwaseCairo luqondwa kabanzi kuwo wonke umhlaba wama-Arab. Isici sayo esidume kakhulu ukuphinyiselwa kohlamvu uJeem (ج) njengoluqinile u-"G" (njengaku "sango").
I-Levantine (Chami)
Sikhulunywa eLebanon, eSyria, eJordani nasePalestine, ulimi lwesigodi lwaseLevantine ngokuvamile lubhekwa njengoluthambile futhi olumnandi. Igcine iminonjana yesi-Aramaic (ulimi lwasendulo lwesifunda) futhi ifaka amanuances ahluke kakhulu okuphimisela kuye ngokuthi usedolobheni noma emaphandleni.
I-Gulf (Khaliji) ne-Iraqi
Ikhulunywa e-Saudi Arabia, e-United Arab Emirates, e-Kuwait, e-Qatar nase-Oman, i-Khaliji isalokhu isondelene ngokwefonetiki nangokohlelo nesi-Arabhu sakudala kunezinye izilimi zesigodi, ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwendawo ngokomlando kwenhlonhlo.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezilimi: Igama Elilodwa, Amaqiniso Amaningi
Ukubonisa kahle lo mehluko wezilimi zesigodi, nansi indlela ezinye izinkulumo ezivamile zesi-Arabhu ezihunyushwa ngayo kuye ngendawo:
| IsiFulentshi | Isi-Arabic Standard (Fusha) | Isi-Maghrebi (Darija) | umGibhithe | I-Levantine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unjani? | Kayfa haluk? | Kifach daier? / Labas? | Izzayak? (m) / Izayik? (f) | Kifak? (m) / Kifik? (f) |
| Ufunani? | Madha uthini? | Hhayi bo? | Ayez eh? | Unjani? |
| Manje | Al-An | Daba / Tawa | Delwa'ti | Hala' |
| Kakhulu / Kakhulu | Jiddan | I-Bezzaf / Barcha | Awi | Kteer |
3. Kungani Kunomehluko Ongaka Wokukhuluma?
Ukuvela kwalokhu kwehluka kungachazwa ngezinto ezintathu ezinkulu:
- I-The linguistic substrate: Lapho ulimi lwesi-Arabhu lusabalala ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kwamaSulumane, lwaziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezilimi zendawo esezikhulunywa kakade (isiCoptic eGibhithe, isiFenike nesi-Aramaic eLevant, Berber eNyakatho Afrika). Lezi zilimi zazigqama kakhulu isi-Arabhu esikhulunywa kule ndawo.
- Ukwenziwa kwamakholoni nomlando wesimanje: Amagagasi ethonya avela kuMbuso Wase-Ottoman, alandelwa amakoloni e-French, British, kanye ne-Italian, afaka amakhulukhulu amagama ase-Europe kusilulumagama sansuku zonke.
- Indawo: Amabanga amakhulu nezithiyo zemvelo (izingwadule, izintaba) abantu abangabodwa ngokomlando, okuvuna ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kolimi okuzimele.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQ)
Iluphi ulimi lwesi-Arabhu okufanele ulufunde kuqala?
Ukukhetha kuncike ezinhlosweni zakho. Uma uhlose idiplomacy, ibhizinisi lomhlaba wonke, noma imidiya, i-Modern Standard Arabic ibalulekile. Uma ufuna ukuxhumana kalula ekuphileni kwansuku zonke yonke indawo, i-Egypt noma i-Levantine yizinketho ezinhle kakhulu ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuqonda kokubili.
Ingabe ama-Arabhu amabili avela emazweni ahlukene ahlala ezwana?
Ngokuvamile, yebo. Nakuba i-Moroccan Darija emsulwa ingase ibangele izinkinga kumuntu ohlala e-Dubai, zombili izikhulumi zizojwayela ngokwemvelo ulimi lwazo (isenzakalo esibizwa ngokuthi indawo yokuhlala yolimi) ngokusebenzisa amagama aseduze nesi-Egypt noma isi-Arabhu sakudala ukuze baqondane.
Ingabe ulimi lwesigodi lubhalwa ku-inthanethi?
Yebo, ngokukhulu. Ngokufika kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana nomphakathi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo, izilimi zesigodi zibhalwa kakhulu kunangaphambili, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izinhlamvu zesi-Arabhu noma "Araby" (Arabizi)—uhlelo olusebenzisa izinhlamvu zesiLatini nezinombolo (njengo-3 ku-'ayn noma 7 for the ha) ukuze kulotshwe imisindo yesi-Arabhu.
Amathuluzi E-Arabic Anconyiwe & Izinsiza
Amathuluzi aku-inthanethi abalulekile okuthuthukisa ukubhala kwakho isi-Arabhu, ukuhumusha, nokufunda:
- Ikhibhodi yesi-Arabic Ku-inthanethi – thayipha izinhlamvu zesi-Arabic kalula ngekhibhodi yethu ebonakalayo ehlakaniphile.
- Umhumushi wesi-Arabic Ku-inthanethi – humusha amagama esi-Arabhu, imisho, nemibhalo khona manjalo.
- Isiguquli Sombhalo wesi-Arabhu – lungisa ukubunjwa kweskripthi sesi-Arabhu kanye nesiqondiso samathuluzi okuklama nokuhlela.
Isiphetho
Ukusondela ezinhlobonhlobo zezilimi zolimi lwesi-Arabhu akufanele kubonwe njengesithiyo, kodwa njengendawo yokungena ekwehlukeni okumangalisayo kwamasiko omhlaba wama-Arab. Isi-Arabhu sakudala sihlanganisa izingqondo ngokubhala, kuyilapho izilimi zesigodi zihlanganisa izinhliziyo ngenkulumo. Ukwenza kahle noma ukuqonda kalula la mabhuloho olimi kuwukhiye wokuthola ukucwiliswa okuyiqiniso phakathi kwezikhulumi zayo.
Ukuze uqale ukuthayipha nokuzilolonga ngokushesha, zama ikhibhodi yethu yamahhala yesi-Arabic ku-inthanethi.