Ahụigodo Arabic

Akụkọ nke Asụsụ Arabik: Site na mmalite ruo mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ

Oge ịgụ ihe: 6 min • Akụkọ ihe mere eme & asụsụ

Asụsụ uri, ọnọdụ ime mmụọ, sayensị, na diplomacy, Arabic ka ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 400 na-asụ n'ụwa niile. Asụsụ gọọmentị nke mba 22 na otu n'ime asụsụ isii gọọmentị United Nations (UN), nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ụba na mgbagwoju anya. Ma olee otú e si mụọ asụsụ a, oleekwa otú o si malite ghọọ otú ọ dị taa? Nbanye n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ Arabik.

1. Mkpọrọgwụ: Ezinụlọ Asụsụ Semitic

Arabic bụ nke nnukwuAsụsụ Afroasiatic, yana karịa nkeAsụsụ Semiticalaka. N’ihi ya, ọ na-eso Hibru, Aramaic, Finishia, na Akkadian (asụsụ Mesopotemia oge ochie) na-ekerịta ndị nna ochie.

Ihe odide kacha ochie nke asụsụ Semitic malitere na narị afọ iri BC. Arabic tolitere na Arab Peninsula. Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ekekarị asụsụ Arabik oge ochie ụzọ abụọ: Old South Arabian (epigraphic South Arabian) na Old North Arabian. Ọ bụ site na nke ikpeazụ ka Arabic anyị maara taa na-enweta.

2. Arabic tupu Islam na uri omenala

Tupu narị afọ nke asaa, ebo Bedouin dị iche iche bi na Peninsula Arebia. N'agbanyeghi na enweghi obodo etiti, otu omenala siri ike siri n'asusu ahu, nke nnukwu odinala onu kwadoro. Oge tupu oge Islam (nke a na-akpọkarị Jahiliyyah) bụ oge ọla edo nke uri Bedouin.

Mu'allaqat (The Suspended Odes)
                    These famous poetic odes were so highly esteemed that, according to legend, they were written in letters of gold and suspended from the walls of the Kaaba in Mecca. These poems bear witness to an already extremely rich language, endowed with a vast vocabulary and complex grammar.
                

N'oge ahụ, mkpụrụedemede Arabic dị ka anyị maara na ọ ka na-etolite, nke sitere na mkpụrụedemede Nabataean (nke sitere na Aramaic n'onwe ya). Ihe odide mbụ e dere n'asụsụ Arabik laghachiri na narị afọ nke anọ na nke ise AD.

3. Nkpughe nke Quran na nhazi nke asụsụ

Narị afọ nke asaa gosipụtara mgbanwe dị mkpa naakụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ Arabik. Mkpughe nke Quran nye onye amụma Muhammad nyere asụsụ ahụ ọkwa dị nsọ. Ekpughere ederede Quran na olumba nke ebo Quraysh (ebo Mecca), nke ghọrọ ntọala nkeClassical Arabic(Al-Fusha).

Iji chekwaa ederede dị nsọ site na mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ihu mgbasawanye nke alaeze Islam ngwa ngwa (na njikọ nke ndị na-abụghị ndị Arab), ndị ọkà mmụta aghaghị ịhazi asụsụ ahụ ma guzobe iwu nke ụtọ asụsụ Arabic:

Mmepụta ụtọ asụsụ: Ndị na-asụ asụsụ, ọkachasị na Basra na Kufa (na Iraq nke dị ugbu a), guzobere iwu siri ike na narị afọ nke asatọ. Ọrụ Sibawayh bụ ntọala karịsịa.
Mgbakwunye nke akara ụda olu: Iji mata ọdịiche nke mkpụrụedemede na-ekerịta otu ọdịdị ahụ (dị ka ب, ت, ث), agbakwunyere ntụpọ.
Mkpọ ụda: ewebata akara maka ụdaume mkpụmkpụ (Harakat) iji gbochie mmejọ mkpọpụta ọ bụla nke ederede Quran.

4. The Islamic Golden Age na Sayensị mmetụta

Site na narị afọ nke 8 ruo 13, n'oge Umayyad na Abbasid caliphates, Arabic ghọrọ asụsụ asụsụ nke alaeze ukwu, nke sitere na Spain (Al-Andalus) ruo n'ókè India. Arabic abụghịzi naanị asụsụ okpukpe; ọ ghọrọ asụsụ nchịkwa, nkà ihe ọmụma, na karịa ihe niile, sayensị.

A malitere nnukwu ngagharị ntụgharị asụsụ. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ Grik (Aristotle, Plato, Euclid), Persian, na ndị India n'asụsụ Arabic. Ndị ọkà mmụta na-asụ Arabik ji usoro ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ, mgbakọ na mwepụ, na mbara igwe mekwuo ka okwu ndị ahụ dịkwuo mma. Site na nke a, ọtụtụ okwu Arabic mechara bata n'asụsụ Europe (dị ka algebra, zenith, sugar, owu, na Arabic numeral).

5. Oge Oge A: Diglossia na Arabic Standard Modern

Taa, a na-eji asụsụ Arabik mara ọnọdụ asụsụ a na-akpọdiglossie, nke pụtara ịdị n'otu nke ndekọ aha asụsụ abụọ nwere ọrụ dị iche iche:

Ọkọlọtọ Arabik Oge A (MSA)

Nke a bụ mmalite mmalite nke Classical Arabic. Emegharịrị ya na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20 (n'oge Nahda, Renaissance Arabic) iji tinye okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ọ bụ asụsụ nke ederede, akwụkwọ akụkọ, agụmakwụkwọ, akwụkwọ, na okwu ndị ọchịchị. A na-aghọta ya na mba Arab niile.

Olumba Arabik (Darija / Amiya)

Nke a bụ asụsụ a na-asụ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Obodo ọ bụla, na ọbụna mpaghara ọ bụla, nwere olumba nke ya, na-emetụta asụsụ ndị dịbu adị (Berber na North Africa, Aramaic in the Levant) ma ọ bụ asụsụ colonial (French, English, Spanish). Olumba ndị dị na North Africa, Egypt, Levant, na Gulf nwere ike ịdị iche mgbe ụfọdụ na ibe ha.

Ngwa Arabic akwadoro & Akụrụngwa

Ngwa dị mkpa dị n'ịntanetị iji kwalite ederede Arabic, ntụgharị na ahụmịhe mmụta gị:

Ahụigodo Arab dị n'ịntanetị - iji ngwa ahụigodo smart mebere anyị pịnye mkpụrụedemede Arab.
Asụsụ Arabic n'ịntanetị – sụgharịa okwu, ahịrịokwu na ederede Arabic ozugbo.
Ntụgharị asụsụ Arabik – dozie nhazi edemede Arabic na ntụzịaka maka imewe na ngwa ndezi.

Mmechi

Akụkọ nke asụsụ Arabikbụ otu n’ime nkwụsi ike pụrụ iche na ngbanwe na-aga n’ihu. Site n'asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na ebo nke ọzara Arab, ọ malitere ịghọ isi ihe na-emepe emepe, na-akpụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ. Taa, nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, mgbasa ozi pan-Arab, na mpaghara dijitalụ na-eduzi, Arabic na-aga n'ihu na-ede akụkọ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-adọrọ mmasị gburugburu ụwa.

Iji bido pịnye na ịme mmemme ozugbo, nwaa kiiboodu Arabic efu n'ịntanetị.