Mwandikisho y'Icyarabu
Itandukanyirizo ry'Icyarabu: Igitabo cyo Gusobanukirwa Itandukaniro ry'akarere
Ururimi rwicyarabu rukunze gufatwa nkigice kimwe gihuriweho na miriyoni amagana bavuga. Ariko, ukuri kwindimi hasi kuritondekanya cyane. Itandukaniro ry'imvugo shushanya mozayike ishimishije yumuco aho ijambo ryakoreshejwe muri Casablanca rishobora kutumvikana rwose i Bagidadi. Ubu butandukanye bugize ubukire nuburemere bwicyarabu kivugwa buri munsi.
Kubanyeshuri, ingenzi, cyangwa abanyamwuga, kugendagenda muri ubwo buryo butandukanye birashobora kuba urujijo. Iki gitabo cyuzuye gisobanura ibintu bya diglossia kandi birambuye amatsinda akomeye yimvugo yicyarabu.
1. Fenomenon ya Diglossia: Icyarabu gisanzwe n'imvugo
Kugira ngo wumve itandukaniro ry'imvugo, umuntu agomba kubanza kumva igitekerezo cya diglossia , cyashizeho amateka y'ururimi rw'icyarabu . Ibihugu by'Abarabu bituye muri sisitemu aho uburyo bubiri bw'ururimi rumwe bubana:
- Icyarabu kigezweho (MSA) / Al-Fusha: Uru ni rwo rurimi rwemewe, rusange, kandi rwanditse. Ikoreshwa mubitabo, ibinyamakuru, disikuru za politiki, uburezi, namakuru ya TV. Abantu bose barabyumva babikesha amashuri, ariko ntamuntu ubivuga nkururimi rwabo kavukire.
- Icyarabu kivuga ururimi / Al-Amiya cyangwa Darija: Uru ni rwo rurimi rwumutima, urugo, umuhanda, indirimbo, n'ibiganiro bya buri munsi. Mubisanzwe ntabwo byanditse mu nyandiko kandi biratandukanye cyane mukarere kamwe.
2. Amatsinda ane yingenzi yo kuvuga ibihugu byabarabu
Nubwo buri gihugu gifite ubuhanga bwacyo, abahanga mu by'indimi muri rusange bahuza icyarabu bavuga ururimi mu miryango ine minini y’imiterere:
Maghrebi (Darija)
Imvugo ya Maghrebi ivugwa muri Maroc, Alijeriya, Tuniziya, na Libiya, itandukanijwe n’ingaruka zikomeye za Berber (Tamazight), ndetse no kuguriza kwinshi mu gifaransa no muri Esipanye. Imvugo yacyo irangwa no gutoranya cyane inyajwi ngufi, bigatuma byihuta cyane kandi bigoye kubyumva kubarabu bo muburasirazuba bwo hagati.
Umunyamisiri (Masri)
Bitewe n’amateka ya sinema yo muri Egiputa, umuziki (Umm Kulthum), hamwe na televiziyo, imvugo ya Cairo niyo yunvikana cyane mu bihugu byose by’abarabu. Ibyamamare byayo biranga cyane ni kuvuga inyuguti Jeem (ج) nka "G" ikomeye (nko muri "irembo").
Levantine (Chami)
Imvugo yo muri Libani, Siriya, Yorodani, na Palesitine, imvugo ya Levantine ikunze gufatwa nk'iyoroshye kandi nziza. Yabitse ibimenyetso by'Icyarameyi (ururimi rwa kera rwo mu karere) kandi iragaragaza imvugo itandukanye cyane ukurikije niba uri mu mujyi cyangwa mu cyaro.
Ikigobe (Khaliji) na Iraki
Khaliji yavugiye muri Arabiya Sawudite, Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abarabu, Koweti, Qatar, na Oman, akomeza kuba mu mvugo no mu kibonezamvugo yegereye icyarabu cya kera kurusha izindi mvugo, kubera ko amateka y’igice y’akarere yitaruye.
Kugereranya Indimi: Ijambo rimwe, Ibintu byinshi bifatika
Kugirango ugaragaze neza itandukaniro ryimvugo, dore uburyo bamwe imvugo yicyarabu isanzwe isobanurwa bitewe nakarere:
| Igifaransa | Icyarabu gisanzwe (Fusha) | Maghrebi (Darija) | Umunyamisiri | Levantine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mumeze mute? | Kayfa haluk? | Kifach? / Labas? | Izzayak? (m) / Izzayik? (f) | Kifak? (m) / Kifik? (f) |
| Urashaka iki? | Madha turid? | Chno bghiti? | Ayez eih? | Chou baddak? |
| Noneho | Al-An | Daba / Tawa | Delwa'ti | Halla ' |
| Cyane / Byinshi | Jiddan | Bezzaf / Barcha | Awi | Kteer |
3. Ni ukubera iki itandukaniro nkiryo?
Kugaragara kw'ibi binyuranye birashobora gusobanurwa nibintu bitatu by'ingenzi:
- Indimi zikoreshwa mu ndimi: Igihe ururimi rwicyarabu rwakwirakwiriye mugihe cyigarurira abayisilamu, rwatsindagiye ku ndimi zaho zimaze kuvugwa (Coptique mu Misiri, Abanyafenisiya n’Icyarameyi muri Levant, Berber muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru). Izi ndimi zahinduye amabara cyane icyarabu kavuzwe.
- Ubukoloni n'amateka ya none: Imiraba y'ingoma yaturutse mu bwami bwa Ottoman, ikurikirwa n'abakoloni b'Abafaransa, Abongereza, n'Abataliyani, yinjije amagambo y’iburayi amagana mu magambo ya buri munsi.
- Ubumenyi bw'isi: Intera nini n'inzitizi karemano (ubutayu, imisozi) abaturage batandukanijwe n'amateka, bishyigikira ubwihindurize bwindimi.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo)
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'icyarabu ukwiye kubanza kwiga?
Guhitamo biterwa n'intego zawe. Niba ugamije diplomacy, ubucuruzi bwisi yose, cyangwa itangazamakuru, Icyarabu kigezweho ni ngombwa. Niba ushaka kuvugana byoroshye mubuzima bwa buri munsi ahantu hose, Abanyamisiri cyangwa Levantine ni amahitamo meza kubera urwego rwo hejuru rwo kumvikana.
Ese abarabu babiri baturuka mubihugu bitandukanye bahora bumvikana?
Muri rusange, yego. Nubwo Darija yera ya Maroc ishobora guteza ibibazo umuturage wa Dubai, abavuga bombi bazahuza imvugo yabo (phenomenon yitwa icumbi ryindimi ) bakoresheje amagambo yegereye icyarabu cyo muri Egiputa cyangwa kera kugirango bumvikane.
Imvugo yanditswe kuri enterineti?
Yego, cyane. Hamwe nimbuga nkoranyambaga hamwe na porogaramu zohererezanya ubutumwa, imvugo yanditswe kurusha mbere hose, akenshi ikoresha inyuguti z'icyarabu cyangwa "Araby" (Arabizi) - sisitemu ikoresha inyuguti z'ikilatini n'imibare (nka 3 kuri 'ayn cyangwa 7 kuri ha) mu kwandika amajwi y'Icyarabu.
Ibikoresho by'icyarabu byasabwe & amp; Ibikoresho
Ibikoresho byingenzi kumurongo kugirango uzamure imyandikire yicyarabu, ibisobanuro, hamwe nuburambe bwo kwiga:
- Mwandikisho yicyarabu kumurongo - andika inyuguti yicyarabu byoroshye hamwe na clavier yacu yubwenge.
- Umusemuzi wicyarabu kumurongo - hindura amagambo yicyarabu, interuro, ninyandiko ako kanya.
- Guhindura inyandiko yicyarabu - gukosora imiterere yicyanditswe cyicyarabu nicyerekezo cyibikoresho byo gushushanya no guhindura.
Umwanzuro
Kwegera imvugo itandukanye y'ururimi rw'icyarabu ntigomba kubonwa nk'inzitizi, ahubwo ni nk'ahantu hinjira mu mico idasanzwe y'umuco w'Abarabu. Icyarabu cya kera gihuza ibitekerezo binyuze mu kwandika, mu gihe imvugo ihuza imitima binyuze mu mvugo. Kumenya cyangwa gusobanukirwa gusa ibiraro byindimi nurufunguzo rwo kwibiza kwibiza mubavuga.
Gutangira kwandika no kwitoza ako kanya, gerageza Mwandikisho yubusa yicyarabu kumurongo .