Mwandikisho y'Icyarabu
Icyarabu cyandikwa: Ubuhanzi bwera bw'urwandiko no kugenda
Ufatwa nk'imwe mu mvugo ihanitse y’ubuhanzi bw’isi ya kisilamu, imyandikire y’icyarabu (cyangwa Khatt ) irenze kure umurimo woroshye wo kwandukura inyandiko. Nubuhanga bwo gutanga imiterere yuburanga nuburyo bwumwuka. Yakozwe mu mateka, ubwubatsi, n’idini, ihindura inyandiko mu mbyino yimirongo ya geometrike nu murongo uhuza.
Byanditswe kurutonde rwumurage ndangamuco wa UNESCO, imyandikire yicyarabu ishimisha abakunda ibihangano kwisi yose. Iki gitabo cyuzuye kiraguhamagarira kumenya inkomoko yacyo hamwe na ubwihindurize bwanditse mucyarabu mu binyejana byashize , imiterere yacyo, nibikoresho gakondo bikenewe mukwiga.
1. Inkomoko yimyandikire yicyarabu: Hagati yera nuburanga
Mbere y’ubuyisilamu bwinjira mu kinyejana cya 7, umuco w’igice cy’Abarabu washingiye ahanini ku muco gakondo no mu bisigo. Kugaragara kwinyandiko yera ya Korowani byahungabanije iyi paradigima, bituma byihutirwa kwandika ijambo ryimana nicyubahiro kinini gishoboka.
Ni muri ubwo buryo bwo mu mwuka niho havutse imyandikire y'icyarabu. Kubera ko ibishushanyo mbonera (amashusho yabantu cyangwa ibiremwa byimana) bidashobora gukoreshwa ahantu h'idini, abahanzi n’abanyabukorikori b’abayisilamu bashora ibihangano byabo byose mu buhanzi bw’urwandiko. Umwanditsi rero yabaye umukinnyi ukomeye mu kubungabunga umuco.
— Traditional Arabic proverb
2. Uburyo bukuru bwimyandikire yicyarabu
Mu binyejana byinshi no mu turere dutandukanye (kuva muri Andalusiya kugera ku mbibi z’Ubuperesi), uburyo butandukanye bwo kwandika bwanditswe n'abanditsi bakomeye b'abanditsi. Mubisanzwe bashyizwe mumiryango ibiri yingenzi: inguni (geometrike) nuburyo bwo gutukana (fluid).
Imiterere ya Kufic
Ukomoka mu mujyi wa Kufa muri Iraki, ubu ni bumwe mu buryo bwa kera. Kufic yaranzwe n'imiterere yayo, itambitse, kandi itajenjetse, Kufic yakoreshejwe cyane mu gukoporora inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki za Koran za mbere ndetse no ku nyandiko z'urwibutso zanditswe ku rukuta rw'umusigiti.
Imiterere ya Naskh
Kugaragara nko mu kinyejana cya 10, Naskh ni uburyo bwo gutukana bwo hejuru. Byoroshye kandi bizunguruka kuruta Kufic, byahise bihinduka uburyo busanzwe bwo kwigana ibitabo na Korowani. Ni muri ubu buryo niho hakomoka ubwinshi bwa kijyambere Imyandikire y'Icyarabu .
Imiterere ya Thuluth
Thuluth (bisobanura "kimwe cya gatatu") ifatwa nkuburyo bwiza kandi butoroshye bwo kumenya. Imitako ihanitse, ifite inyuguti zoroshye kandi zuzuzanya, zigenewe cyane cyane imitwe, ibyanditswe byingenzi byubatswe, hamwe nibikorwa byubuhanzi.
Imiterere ya Diwani na Nastaliq
Diwani , yatejwe imbere mu rukiko rwa Ottoman, itandukanijwe nubwiza bwo gutukana bw'inyuguti zayo zegeranye cyane. Nastaliq , kurundi ruhande, ni umutako wimyandikire yubuperesi. Hamwe n'amazi menshi, atanga igitekerezo cyuko amagambo anyerera kurupapuro.
Inshamake yuburyo bukuru bwo kwandika
| Imyandikire | Ibiranga Biboneka | Gukoresha Ibanze |
|---|---|---|
| Kufic | Geometrike, ikomeye, inguni | Inzibutso za kera, Korowani yo hambere |
| Naskh | Amazi, aringaniye, arasomeka cyane | Ibitabo, ibinyamakuru, Korowani igezweho |
| Thuluti | Urwibutso, rwuzuzanya, rukomeye | Imitako yumusigiti, imitwe |
| Nastaliq | Gucuramye, ibisigo, bitemba cyane | Ubuvanganzo bw'Igiperesi n'Ikirundi |
3. Ibikoresho gakondo bya Master Calligrapher
Imyitozo ya Khatt isaba ibikoresho byihariye, bidahindutse mu binyejana byinshi, bigira uruhare runini mumihango yo guhanga:
- Ikaramu y'urubingo (Qalam): Umwami wibikoresho. Ni urubingo rwaciwe ku mfuruka. Ubugari nu mfuruka yumutwe wibice byerekana ubunini bwimyandikire.
- Ink (Midad): Ubusanzwe bikozwe mumatara ya soot na gum arabic, itanga ibara ryirabura ryimbitse kandi riramba.
- Likka: Agace k'udodo duto twa silike mbisi dushyira imbere muri wino. Ikora kugirango igabanye ingano ya wino yakiriwe na qalam kugirango irinde guhindagurika ku mpapuro.
- Urupapuro (Ahar): Urupapuro rwometseho uruvange rw'amagi yera na alum, hanyuma rusizwe neza. Iyi myiteguro yemerera qalam kunyerera bitagoranye kandi itanga amahirwe yo gukuraho wino kugirango ikosore amakosa.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo)
Urashobora kwiga imyandikire yicyarabu utavuze ururimi?
Yego rwose. Abahanzi benshi b'iki gihe bafata ubu buhanzi kubwuburanga bwiza gusa. Ariko, kumenya inyuguti yicyarabu nuburyo bukurikirana bwinyuguti byorohereza kwiga.
Ni mu buhe buryo ibipimo byapimwe mu cyarabu cyandikwa?
Sisitemu ya kera yo kugereranya (yanditswe na vizier Ibin Muqla) ishingiye kuri akadomo ka rombic (ishusho ya diyama ikozwe nisonga rya qalam). Uburebure n'ubugari bwa buri nyuguti bipimwa mu mubare w'ududomo (urugero, Alif muri rusange ni utudomo 3, 5, cyangwa 7 hejuru bitewe nuburyo).
"Calligraffiti" ni iki?
Nibikorwa byubuhanzi bigezweho bihuza amategeko gakondo yimyandikire yicyarabu hamwe nubuhanga bwa graffiti nubuhanzi bugezweho bwo mumijyi. Abahanzi nka eL Imbuto ni abahagarariye neza ibi.
Ibikoresho by'icyarabu byasabwe & amp; Ibikoresho
Ibikoresho byingenzi kumurongo kugirango uzamure imyandikire yicyarabu, ibisobanuro, hamwe nuburambe bwo kwiga:
- Mwandikisho yicyarabu kumurongo - andika inyuguti yicyarabu byoroshye hamwe na clavier yacu yubwenge.
- Umusemuzi wicyarabu kumurongo - hindura amagambo yicyarabu, interuro, ninyandiko ako kanya.
- Guhindura inyandiko yicyarabu - gukosora imiterere yicyanditswe cyicyarabu nicyerekezo cyibikoresho byo gushushanya no guhindura.
Umwanzuro
Icyarabu cyandikirwa ni ikiraro cyubatswe hagati ya kera nubu, icy'isi n'icyera. Yaba ikomoka ku nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki ya kera cyangwa yashushanyije ku rukuta rwa metero igezweho, igumana imbaraga zayo zo gushimisha. Gutangira, ntabwo hakenewe ibikoresho bihenze: imigano qalam, wino imwe, hamwe nigipimo cyiza cyo kwihangana birahagije kugirango utangire kumenya ubuhanzi bwumurongo utanduye.
Gutangira kwandika no kwitoza ako kanya, gerageza Mwandikisho yubusa yicyarabu kumurongo .