Amateka y'ururimi rw'icyarabu: Kuva inkomoko kugeza ku Isi yose

Ururimi rw'imivugo, iby'umwuka, siyanse, na diplomasi, icyarabu kivugwa muri iki gihe n'abantu barenga miliyoni 400 ku isi. Ururimi rwemewe mu bihugu 22 nimwe mu ndimi esheshatu zemewe z’umuryango w’abibumbye (UN), ifite amateka akomeye kandi akomeye. Ariko uru rurimi rwavutse rute, kandi rwahindutse rute uko rumeze muri iki gihe? Kwibira mumateka amateka yururimi rwicyarabu .

1. Imizi: Umuryango wururimi rwAbasemite

Icyarabu ni icy'umuryango mugari w'ururimi rwa Afroasiatic , cyane cyane ku ishami rya Indimi z'Abasemite . Iragabana rero abakurambere basanzwe hamwe nigiheburayo, icyarameyi, fenisiya, na akkadian (ururimi rwa Mesopotamiya ya kera).

Ibimenyetso bya kera cyane byururimi rwAbasemite byatangiye mu binyejana byinshi mbere ya Yesu. Icyarabu cyateye imbere mu gice cy'Abarabu. Abahanga mu by'indimi bagabanya indimi z'icyarabu za kera mu matsinda abiri: Umwarabu wo mu majyepfo ya kera (epigraphic Arabiya y'Amajyepfo) na Arabiya y'Amajyaruguru. Kuva mubihe byanyuma icyarabu tuzi uyumunsi gikomoka.

2. Icyarabu mbere yubuyisilamu nu gakondo gakondo

Mbere y'ikinyejana cya 7, Igice cy'Abarabu cyari gituwe n'imiryango itandukanye y'Abadouin. Nubwo nta gihugu cyashyizwe hamwe, ubumwe bukomeye bwumuco bwabayeho binyuze mururimi, bushyigikiwe numuco gakondo. Igihe cyabanjirije Ubuyisilamu (bakunze kwita Jahiliyyah ) cyari igihe cyizahabu cyimivugo ya Bedouin.

Muri kiriya gihe, inyuguti yicyarabu nkuko tubizi yari ikiri mu miterere, ikomoka ku nyuguti ya Nabataean (ubwayo yakomotse mucyarameyi). Inyandiko za mbere zanditswe mu nyuguti z'icyarabu zatangiye mu kinyejana cya 4 n'icya 5 nyuma ya Yesu.

3. Ibyahishuwe na Korowani hamwe nuburinganire bwururimi

Ikinyejana cya 7 cyaranze ihinduka rikomeye mu amateka y'ururimi rw'icyarabu . Ihishurwa rya Korowani ku ntumwa Muhamadi ryahaye ururimi umwanya wera. Umwandiko wa Korowani wahishuwe mu mvugo y’umuryango wa Kurayishi (umuryango wa Maka), wabaye ishingiro rya Icyarabu cya kera cyarabu ( Al-Fusha ).

Kugira ngo inyandiko zera zitagira icyo zihindura mu gihe cyo kwaguka byihuse ingoma ya kisilamu (no guhuza abaturage batavuga Icyarabu), intiti zagombaga kwandika ururimi no gushyiraho

• Kurema ikibonezamvugo: Ikibonezamvugo, cyane cyane muri Basra na Kufa (muri Iraki y'ubu), bashizeho amategeko akomeye mu kinyejana cya 8. Igikorwa cya Sibawayh ni urufatiro.
• Ongeraho ibimenyetso bya diacritical: Gutandukanya inyuguti zisangiye imiterere shingiro (nka ب, ت, ث), utudomo twongeyeho.
• Vocalisation: Ibimenyetso byijwi rigufi (Harakat) byashyizweho kugirango hirindwe amakosa yose yo kuvuga mumyandiko ya Korowani.

4. Ibihe bya zahabu ya kisilamu ningaruka za siyansi

Kuva mu kinyejana cya 8 kugeza mu cya 13, mu bukhalifa bwa Umayyad na Abbasid, Icyarabu cyahindutse ururimi rwa franca y'ingoma, kuva muri Esipanye (Al-Andalus) kugera ku mbibi z'Ubuhinde. Icyarabu nticyari kikiri ururimi rw'idini gusa; yahindutse ururimi rwubuyobozi, filozofiya, kandi ikiruta byose, siyanse.

Hatangijwe urugendo runini rwo guhindura. Ikigereki (Aristote, Platon, Euclid), Igifarisi, n'Ubuhinde byahinduwe mucyarabu. Intiti zivuga Icyarabu zikungahaye ku magambo n'amagambo mashya y'ubuvuzi, imibare, n'inyenyeri. Binyuze muri ibyo, amagambo menshi yicyarabu yaje kwinjira mundimi zi Burayi (nka algebra , zenith , isukari , ipamba , na

5.Ibihe bigezweho: Diglossia nicyarabu kigezweho

Uyu munsi, ururimi rwicyarabu rurangwa nuburyo bwindimi bita diglossie , bisobanura kubana kwandikisha ibitabo bibiri byindimi bifite imirimo itandukanye:

Icyarabu kigezweho (MSA)

Ubu ni ubwihindurize butaziguye bw'icyarabu bwa kera. Yahinduwe mu kinyejana cya 19 na 20 (mugihe cya Nahda , Icyarabu Renaissance) kugirango yinjizemo amagambo agezweho. Ni ururimi rwo kwandika, itangazamakuru, uburezi, ubuvanganzo, na disikuru zemewe. Byumvikane mubihugu byabarabu.

Imvugo y'Icyarabu (Darija / Amiya)

Uru ni ururimi ruvugwa mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Buri gihugu, ndetse na buri karere, bifite imvugo yacyo, byatewe nindimi zahozeho (Berber muri Afrika yepfo, icyarameyi muri Levant) cyangwa nindimi zabakoloni (igifaransa, icyongereza, icyesipanyoli). Imvugo yo muri Afrika yepfo, Egiputa, Levant, nikigobe irashobora rimwe na rimwe gutandukana cyane.

Umwanzuro

amateka y'ururimi rw'icyarabu ni imwe mu kwihangana bidasanzwe no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Uhereye ku rurimi rugarukira ku moko yo mu butayu bw'Abarabu, rwazamutse ruba icyerekezo gikomeye cy'imico, gihindura amateka y'abantu. Uyu munsi, uyobowe nubuvanganzo bugezweho, itangazamakuru ry’Abarabu, hamwe n’urwego rwa sisitemu, icyarabu gikomeje kwandika amateka yacyo no gushimisha abahanga mu by'indimi ku isi.

Gutangira kwandika no kwitoza ako kanya, gerageza