Ubwihindurize bw'Icyarabu Kwandika mu binyejana byinshi: Kuva Kibuye Kuri Mugaragaza

Imyandikire yicyarabu uyumunsi nuburyo bwa kabiri bukoreshwa cyane kwisi kwisi nyuma yinyuguti yikilatini. Kurangwa no gutemba kwayo, imirongo myiza, hamwe na kamere yo gutukana, yakwirakwiriye kure cyane y’imbibi z’Abarabu kugira ngo yandike indimi zitandukanye nk’Abaperesi, Ikirundi, cyangwa Igiswahiri (mu mateka). Nyamara, iyi nyandiko ntabwo yavutse ex nihilo. Ubwihindurize bwanditse mucyarabu mu binyejana byashize nigishushanyo gishimishije gishushanyije, cyaranzwe n’imihindagurikire yimbitse, kiva mu nyuguti zidasanzwe zanditsweho amabuye kijya mu buhanzi bwera bwandikwa, mbere yo gutsinda isanzure ry'ikirere.

1. Inkomoko yabanjirije Ubuyisilamu: Filiation ya Nabataean

Kugirango wumve inkomoko yinyandiko yicyarabu, umuntu agomba gukurikirana igiti cyumuryango wimyandikire ya Semitike. Icyarabu ni ishami rya kure ry'inyuguti z'Abanyafenisiya, ariko abakurambere baryo ni inyuguti ya Nabataean , ubwayo ikomoka mu Cyarameyi.

Abanya Nabatae, ubwoko bw'abacuruzi b'Abarabu bashinze ubwami bwa Petra (muri Yorodani y'ubu), bakoresheje uburyo bw'inyandiko y'Icyarameyi, mu binyejana byinshi (hagati y'ikinyejana cya 2 mbere ya Yesu n'ikinyejana cya 4 nyuma ya Yesu), batangira kuzenguruka no guhuza inyuguti zayo. Nibikenewe kwihuta mumasomo yubucuruzi niyo yashyizeho urufatiro rwa sisitemu ihujwe nicyarabu.

2. Impinduka yo mu kinyejana cya 7: Qor'ani hamwe n’ibishushanyo mbonera

Kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 7, inyandiko y'Icyarabu (icyo gihe yitwa jazm inyandiko) yari ifite inenge: ntabwo yari ifite utudomo two gutandukanya inyuguti zisa (urugero, umurongo woroshye uhagaze washoboraga gusomwa nka "b", "t", "th", "n", cyangwa "y"). Igihe cyose umuco wagumye mu kanwa gusa, ntabwo byateje ikibazo gikomeye. Ariko, guhishurwa kwa Korowani no kwaguka byihuse ubwami bwa kisilamu byasabye gukosora byimazeyo ibyanditswe kugirango hirindwe ubuyobe namakosa yo kuvuga nabantu bashya bahujwe n’abatavuga Icyarabu.

Intangiriro yingingo zifatika (I'jam)

Ku ngoma ya khalifa Umayyad Abd al-Malik (mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 7), intiti Nasr bin Asim na Yahya bin Yamur zashyizeho uburyo bw'ududomo twirabura (diacritics) kugira ngo butandukanye inyuguti zifite skeleti imwe ( rasm ). Glyph yibanze noneho igabanyijemo gukora inyuguti zitandukanye nka ب (ba), ت (ta), na ث (tha).

Ivumburwa rya Vocalisation igezweho

Nyuma gato, mu kinyejana cya 8, umuhanga mu by'indimi wa Basra uzwi cyane Al-Khalil bin Ahmad al-Farahidi yasimbuye uburyo bwahozeho utudomo tw’amabara hamwe n'amajwi magufi yo kuvuga ( Harakat ) kugeza na n'ubu dukoresha: Fatha (umurongo wo hejuru), Kasra (umurongo wo hasi), hamwe na Damma .

3. Igihe cya Zahabu yo Hagati: Codification yuburyo bwa Calligraphic

Sisitemu ishushanyije imaze gutunganywa, inyandiko yicyarabu igabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri byingenzi byimikorere yagiye ihindagurika mugihe cyibinyejana byinshi: inyandiko zinzibutso (inguni) hamwe ninyandiko (cursive).

Umutware ukomeye wa Abbasid

4. Ishami ry'akarere: Kuva i Maghreb kugera kumupaka w'Ubuperesi

Mugihe ubwami bwegerejwe abaturage, uburyo bwihariye bwo kwandika mukarere bwagaragaye, bugaragaza indangagaciro z'umuco w'intara:

• Khatt Al-Maghribi: Yateye imbere muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru na Andalusiya (Al-Andalus). Ubu buryo burangwa nimirongo yo hasi cyane, umurongo munini ukabije, hamwe nu mwanya utandukanye utudomo twa diacritical (urugero, kuri fa na qaf ).
• Nastaliq: Yavukiye mu Buperesi mu kinyejana cya 14, ubu buryo buhuza Naskh na Taliq . Amazi meza cyane, yoroheje, kandi yahagaritswe, bifatwa nkimiterere yubusizi par excellence, iracyakoreshwa cyane muri Irani na Pakisitani.
• Diwani: Yashizweho na Ottomani kubwinyandiko zurukiko rwibwami rwihishwa. Imitako myinshi kandi igoye, inyuguti zayo zirahujwe kuburyo bidashoboka guhimba.

5. Ikibazo cya Kijyambere: Kuva Gucapa kugeza Revolution ya Unicode

Ukuza kw'imashini yimukanwa mu Burayi mu kinyejana cya 15 byateje ikibazo gikomeye ku myandikire y'Icyarabu. Bitandukanye n’inyuguti z'ikilatini, zihuza mu bwigenge nk'ibice byigenga, inyuguti z'icyarabu zihindura imiterere bitewe n'umwanya wazo kandi zigahuza mu buryo buhagaritse kandi butambitse. Gutera abantu bayobora bashoboye kwerekana ubwiza bwamazi yinyandiko yicyarabu byari inzozi za tekiniki.

Mu gihe kirekire, ibihugu by'Abarabu byanze ko icapiro ryandika, rihitamo imyandikire (yemerera kubyara umurimo nyawo w'umwanditsi). Mu kinyejana cya 20 no koroshya imiterere yimyandikire ni bwo ibinyamakuru by'Abarabu byashyize ahagaragara.

Uyu munsi, ibihe bya digitale byakemuye burundu iki kibazo tubikesha sisitemu ya Unicode . Guhindura algorithms za terefone zacu na mudasobwa zacu zisesengura kwandika mugihe nyacyo kugirango uhite uhuza inyuguti hamwe, bituma iyi nyandiko imaze imyaka igihumbi itera imbere kurubuga, imbuga nkoranyambaga, hamwe na porogaramu zigendanwa udatakaje ishingiro ryayo.

Umwanzuro

Ubwihindurize bwanditse mucyarabu mu binyejana byashize byerekana ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo kwihangana no guhuza n'imihindagurikire. Yavutse kubera ubukana bwanditse mu butayu bwa lapidary, bwakozwe n’ibisabwa byera bya tewolojiya, bigakuzwa n’ibisekuru byandikwa byandikwa, byayoboye neza impinduramatwara y’ikoranabuhanga na mudasobwa. Uyu munsi, wanditse muri pigiseli kuri ecran yacu, inyandiko yicyarabu ikomeje gutwara neza amateka, umuco, nigihe kizaza cya miriyoni amagana zabavuga kwisi yose.

Gutangira kwandika no kwitoza ako kanya, gerageza Mwandikisho yubusa yicyarabu kumurongo .