Keeb Kwm ntawm Cov Lus Arabic: Los ntawm Keeb Kwm mus rau Ntiaj Teb Kev Nyuaj Siab

Ib hom lus ntawm paj huam, sab ntsuj plig, science, thiab diplomacy, Arabic tau hais niaj hnub no los ntawm ntau dua 400 lab tus tib neeg thoob ntiaj teb. Cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm 22 lub teb chaws thiab ib qho ntawm 6 hom lus ntawm United Nations (UN), nws muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab nyuaj. Tab sis hom lus no tau yug los li cas, thiab nws tau hloov zuj zus mus li cas niaj hnub no? Nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Arabic.

1. Lub hauv paus: Tsev Neeg Semitic Language

Arabic belongs rau tsev neeg loj Afroasiatic lus, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov Semitic languages ceg. Nws yog li qhia cov poj koob yawm txwv nrog Hebrew, Aramaic, Phoenician, thiab Akkadian (cov lus ntawm Mesopotamia thaum ub).

Cov kab ke qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus Semitic hnub rov qab ntau txhiab xyoo BC. Arabic tsim nyob rau hauv Arabian Peninsula. Cov kws paub lus Askiv feem ntau faib cov lus Arabic thaum ub ua ob pawg: Old South Arabian (epigraphic South Arabian) thiab Old North Arabian. Nws yog los ntawm yav tas los uas cov Arabic peb paub niaj hnub no muab los.

2. Pre-Islamic Arabic thiab Poetic Kev Cai

Ua ntej xyoo pua 7th, Arabian Peninsula tau nyob los ntawm ntau pawg Bedouin. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj lub xeev hauv nruab nrab, muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev coj noj coj ua muaj zog los ntawm cov lus, txhawb nqa los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm qhov ncauj. Lub pre-Islamic era (feem ntau hu ua Jahiliyyah) yog lub hnub nyoog golden ntawm Bedouin paj huam.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic raws li peb paub tias nws tseem nyob hauv kev tsim, muab los ntawm Nabataean cov tsiaj ntawv (nws tus kheej muab los ntawm Aramaic). Thawj cov ntawv sau nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic hnub rov qab mus rau 4th thiab 5th centuries AD.

3. Lub Quranic Tshwm Sim thiab Standardization ntawm cov lus

Lub xyoo pua 7 tau cim qhov kev txiav txim siab hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Arabic. Qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm Quran rau tus Yaj Saub Muhammad muab cov lus ib tug dawb ceev xwm txheej. Cov ntawv Quranic tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Quraysh pawg (ib pawg neeg ntawm Mecca), uas tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Classical Arabic (Al-Fusha).

Txhawm rau khaws cov ntawv dawb ceev los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev nthuav dav sai ntawm lub tebchaws Islamic (thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg tsis hais lus Arabic), cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau sau cov lus thiab tsim cov cai ntawm Arabic

• Tsim cov qauv sau ntawv: Grammarians, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Basra thiab Kufa (nyob rau hauv tam sim no-hnub Iraq), tsim kev cai nruj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Sibawayh yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
• Ntxiv cov cim ntsuas: Txhawm rau sib txawv cov ntawv sib koom tib yam zoo ib yam (xws li ب, ت, ث), dots tau ntxiv.
• Vocalization: Cov cim rau cov lus luv luv (Harakat) tau qhia los tiv thaiv kev hais lus yuam kev ntawm cov ntawv Quranic.

4. Lub hnub nyoog Islamic Golden thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb

Los ntawm lub 8th mus rau lub xyoo pua 13th, thaum lub sij hawm lub Umayyad thiab Abbasid caliphates, Arabic los ua lub lingua franca ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, uas stretched ntawm Spain (Al-Andalus) mus rau ciam teb ntawm Is Nrias teb. Arabic tsis yog lus ntawm kev ntseeg xwb; nws tau los ua hom lus ntawm kev tswj hwm, kev xav, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev tshawb fawb.

Lub zog txhais lus loj tau pib. Greek (Aristotle, Plato, Euclid), Persian, thiab Indian tej hauj lwm tau muab txhais ua Arabic. Cov kws tshawb fawb hais lus Arabic tau txhawb cov ntsiab lus nrog cov lus kho mob tshiab, lej, thiab hnub qub. Los ntawm qhov no, ntau lo lus Arabic tom qab nkag mus rau cov lus European (xws li algebra, zenith, sugar, cotton, thiab

5. Niaj hnub nimno Era: Diglossia thiab niaj hnub Standard Arabic

Niaj hnub no, cov lus Arabic yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov xwm txheej lus hu ua diglossie, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lub npe ntawm cov lus nrog cov haujlwm sib txawv:

Niaj hnub Standard Arabic (MSA)

Qhov no yog qhov ncaj qha evolution ntawm Classical Arabic. Nws tau hloov kho nyob rau hauv 19th thiab 20th centuries (thaum lub sij hawm lub Nahda, lub Arabic Renaissance) los muab cov lus niaj hnub. Nws yog hom lus sau ntawv, xovxwm, kev kawm, ntawv nyeem, thiab cov lus hais. Nws yog to taub thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no Arab.

Lus Arabic (Darija / Amiya)

Nov yog hom lus uas hais hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Txhua lub teb chaws, thiab txawm tias txhua cheeb tsam, nws muaj nws cov lus, cuam tshuam los ntawm cov lus uas twb muaj lawm (Berber hauv North Africa, Aramaic hauv Levant) lossis los ntawm cov lus colonial (Fabkis, Askiv, Spanish). Cov lus ntawm North Africa, Tim lyiv teb chaws, Levant, thiab Gulf tej zaum kuj txawv ntawm ib leeg.

Xaus

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Arabic yog ib qho ntawm cov resilience thiab hloov mus tas li. Los ntawm ib hom lus nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov suab puam Arabian, nws tau sawv los ua ib tug loj vector ntawm kev vam meej, shaping tib neeg keeb kwm. Niaj hnub no, uas tau tsav los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no, yias-Arab xov xwm, thiab digital sphere, Arabic tseem sau nws cov keeb kwm thiab txaus siab rau cov neeg paub lus thoob ntiaj teb.

Txhawm rau pib ntaus ntawv thiab xyaum tam sim ntawd, sim peb pub dawb Arabic keyboard online.